thus; particle indicating quote; respect; dignity; a title to be respected
indicates commentary is coming up, {zhes pa ltar} means "as it was said" and {zhes gsungs so} means "thus it was said". so called. thus [occurs after final g, d, b) and {ces} after all other, end of quotation; ces/ shes-bya-ba - termed/ referred to as. to refer to/ denote
quote-unquote
refers {la zer}
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