lakzaRa
lakṣaṇa , nt. , mark ( Skt. ); ( 1 ) in Laṅk 37.10 ff. ; 38.5 ff. , external mark, manifested aspect , of the vijñāna ( cf. Suzuki, Studies , 183 ); contrasted with prabandha , q.v. ; fuller expression seems to be svajāti-lakṣaṇa, see Laṅk 38.16 ff. , esp. 18 f. , svajātilakṣaṇe punar nirudhyamāne ( mss. ) ālayavijñānanirodhaḥ syāt, suggesting that with its suppression, the ālaya-vijñāna itself is suppressed; for the aṣṭalakṣaṇa vijñāna see vij° 2; ( 2 ) in Divy 513.15, 24 , sauvarṇena lakṣaṇena laḍḍīś ( sc. of a state horse) chorayati, removes the dung with a golden … (? some sort of implement; acc. to Index, spoon? ), perh. shovel or the like; ( 3 ) = svabhāva (2), q.v. , characteristic , of existing things, there being three such, viz. parikalpita, paratantra, pariniṣpanna , qq.v. : Mvy 1662 (to 1665 incl. ); Sūtrāl. xi.38—41 ( Lévi , indice ); svabhāva-lakṣaṇa-trayakuśalena bhavitavyam Laṅk 67.2 ; ( 4 ) characteristic mark of a superior person (a cakravartin or a Buddha), of which there are standardly 32 (anomalously 28 in Gv 353.7 , aṣṭaviṃśatibhir mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇair upeto; no list). There are various lists; in Pali (lakkhaṇa), DN ii.17.10 ff. and iii.143.5 ff. (here followed by lengthy treatments of each item); MN ii.136.6 ff. ; in BHS , LV 105.11 ff. [Page458-1b] (here referred to as LVa ) and 429.3 ff. ( LVb ); Mvy 235 ff. ; Dharmas (here abbreviated Dh ) 83; Gv 399.20 ff. , with valuable brief explanations of each term; Bbh 375.9 ff. , with a few brief glosses, but followed on 378.3 ff., 381.8 ff. , by more extensive treatments of the various items, with a few minor variants which are mostly not recorded here; finally, Mv i.226.16 ff. = ii.29.19 ff. has, in 7 lines of verse, extremely brief one-word designations for the 32 items, in part so corrupt in the text that I have failed to identify a few items (here, Mv without reference refers to this list); again, Mv ii.304.14 ff. has a very loose, inaccurate, and incomplete list, mingled with some anuvyañjana and other extraneous materials; this is cited below by page and line when it is important. Finally, a few stray lakṣaṇa are unsystematically mentioned in RP 46.13—47.12 , and again 50.11—51.5 ; they will be referred to by page and line under the appropriate items. In modern literature, correlations of various Pali and BHS lists (but without the Gv , Bbh , and Mv lists) have been recorded by Burnouf, Lotus , 558 ff. ; Müller, note on Dharmas 83 (but note that in a number of cases Müller here cites Dharmas itself inconsistently with his own text). In Mvy and LVa (as also in the stray fragmentary lists of RP ) the order of all other texts is reversed, so as to begin with the head instead of the feet; in citing numbers I have reversed the numbering of these two lists, to facilitate comparison with the other lists; therefore when I cite ‘ Mvy 32 , LVa 32 ’, I refer to Mvy and LVa 1 ; ‘ Mvy 31 , LVa 31 ’ means Mvy 2 , LVa 2 , etc. I believe the following list is substantially correct and original, tho the precise language is not always certain; all important variants are cited. The order of the items in BHS varies greatly, no two lists being alike; but the relative order in the Pali lists is, I believe, always or nearly always supported by some BHS evidence, and I see no serious reason to doubt that it represents the original; it is therefore adopted here. 1 . supratiṣṭhitapāda ( Pali suppatiṭṭhitapāda), Mvy 3 ; [Page459-a] LVb , Gv , Bbh 1 ; LVa 1 inserts sama before pāda; Mv prob. means this by 1 samā; Mv ii.304.14 samā … caraṇā supratiṣṭhitā; Dh. 2 -pāṇipādatala(tā) for -pāda. — 2 . adhastāt pādatalayoś cakre jāte … (epithets), so Bbh 2 , similarly LVa , Gv 2 ; Pali heṭṭhāpādatalesu cakkāni jātāni … (epithets); Mv 2 heṣṭā, also heṣṭā … Mv ii.304.16 ; LVb 2 compresses the epithets into a long cpd. ending cakrāṅkitapādatala; Mvy 4 cakrāṅkita-hasta-pāda, and so Dh. 1 adding -tala and with pāṇi for hasta, which, tho supported by Tib. phyag , is only a false interpretation of adhastāt or semi- MIndic heṣṭā. — 3 . āyatapādapārṣṇi ( Pali āyatapaṇhi), so Mvy 2 , Bbh 4 , Gv 5 ( LVa 6 āyatapārṣṇipāda); or āyatapārṣṇi, LVb 3 , Dh. 7 , with Pali ; Mv 4 āyatā. — 4 . dīrghāṅguli ( Pali dīgha°), LVb 4 , LVa 7 , Mvy 5 , Dh. 6 , Gv ( 2d ed. ) 6 dīrghā asyāṅgulayo, Bbh 3 ; Mv 3 dīrghā; Mv ii.305.1 . — 5 . mṛdutaruṇahastapāda ( Pali mudutaluṇahatthapāda); LVa 4 , LVb 6 ; Bbh 5 ( mss. om. hasta, Tib. phyag , for which ed. pāṇi); Dh. 4 and Mvy 7 add -tala; Gv 7 mṛdūni … hastapādatalāni; Mv 11 mṛdu; cf. RP 47.10 . — 6 . jāla-(jālāvanaddha-?)hastapāda; Pali jālahatthapāda, to which Bbh 6 jālapāṇipāda is closest; LVa 3 , LVb 7 jālāṅgulihastapāda; Mvy 6 jālāvanaddha-hastapāda, cf. Mv ii.304.14 (combined with No. 1 above) jālāvanaddhā (caraṇā); Dh. 3 corrupt, jālābalabaddhāṅgulipāṇipādatala(tā); Gv 4 hastapādatale jālinī ( 2d ed. ); Mv 12 jālā. — 7 . ucchaṅkha-(?)pāda ( Pali ussaṅkha°), so Gv 3 , and so read (ucchaṅkha) Mv 5 and Mv ii.304.19 , also with Mironov Mvy 8 ; Mvy Kyoto ed. utsaṅga°, so LVa 5 , Dh. 9 , and Bbh 7 (-caraṇa for pāda); LVb 8 ucchaṅga°. — 8 . aiṇeyajaṅgha ( Pali eṇi-j°), so Gv 8 , Mvy 1 , Dh. 11 ; eṇeya° LVb 10 , Bbh 8 (and RP 51.3 ); eṇeyamṛgarājajaṅgha LVa 8 ; Mv 6 eṇi; Mv ii.305.3 eṇī-j°; RP 47.12 eṇajaṅgha. — 9 . sthitānavanata-pralambabāhu Mvy 15 , and sthito'vanata° (as Mvy ) LVa 15 ; cf. Pali ṭhitako va anonamanto ubhohi pāṇitalehi jaṇṇukāni parimasati …; Bbh 9 anavanatakāya; LVb 12 , Dh. 12 , Gv 15 pralambabāhu; cf. Gv 13 anūnagātraḥ, (read) anunnatagātro'pariṇatagātraḥ; Mv (?); Mv ii.305.8 anonatena kāyena pāṇīhi jānukāṃ spṛśe; cf. RP 47.9 dīrgha-parigha-bāhū. — 10 . kośopagata-vastiguhya ( Pali kosohitavatthaguyha; it seems that vattha is a mistake for vatthi, cf. Pali vatthi-kosa), so Mvy 10 , LVa 10 , LVb 11 ; or kośagata-vas° Bbh 10 , Gv 10 , Dh. 13 ; Mv 9 kośa; Mv ii.305.10 kośavastiguhya; RP 47.11 guhyakośo. — 11 . suvarṇavarṇa ( Pali suvaṇṇavaṇṇa, with appended kañcanasannibhataca, cf. Bbh ), so Dh. 14 ; LVb 15 suvarṇachavi; Gv 29 suvarṇavarṇachavi; Bbh 15 kāñcanasaṃnibhatvac ( cf. Pali ); Mv 22 suvarṇa; Mv ii.305.7 kāñcanachaviśobhanā; in LVa 16 and Mvy 16 combined with next, sūkṣmasuvarṇachavi ( Lefm. adds varṇa, by em. , after suvarṇa); kanakavarṇa RP 47.10 ; 51.5 . — 12 . sūkṣmachavi ( Pali sukhumachavi), so LVb 14 (mṛdutaruṇa-sū°), Gv 28 ; Dh. 15 śuklachavi(-tā); for LVa and Mvy see prec. ; Bbh 16 ślakṣṇatvāt (but 379.18 sūkṣma-ślakṣṇa-tvacatā, and 381.11 sūkṣmatvaktā) tvaco rajo … nāvatiṣṭhate, and ślakṣṇa, instead of sūkṣma, is read also in Mv 16 ; Mv ii.305.14 and RP 51.5 ślakṣṇachavī. — 13 . ekaikaroma (or °man; Pali ekekaloma), so LVa 12 ; Gv 30 ; Mv ii.305.15 ; Mv 14 ekā; LVb 16 ekaikanicitaromakūpa; Bbh 14 °romā, adding … pradakṣiṇāvartaṃ; Mvy 12 °roma-pradakṣiṇāvartaḥ; Dh. 16 pradakṣiṇāvartaikaroma(-tā); cf. RP 47.11 ; see next. — 14 . ūrdhvāgraroma, °man ( Pali uddhaggaloma), so Dh. 10 ; Mvy 11 ūrdhvaga-roma; Bbh 13 ūrdhvaṃga°; Gv 31 ūrdhvāṅga°; Mv 15 , mss. intend ūrdhvāgra or ūrdhaṃga; LVa 11 ūrdhvāgrābhipradakṣiṇāvartaromā(ḥ); LVb 9 ūrdhavāṅgadakṣiṇāvartaromakūpa; see prec. — 15 . bṛhad-ṛju-gātra ( Pali brahmujjugatta), so Gv 16 , Bbh 21 ; Mv 7 bṛhat; Mv ii.305.18 prahavarjugātra (corruption for brahmarj°?); Dh. 8 ṛjugātra(-tā); LVb 5 bahujanatrātā, obvious corruption; not in LVa , Mvy (replaced, perhaps, by suvartitoru, Lefm. suvivart°, 9 in [Page459-b] both?). — 16 . saptotsada ( Pali sattussada), LVa 18 ; LVb 17 ; Mvy 18 ; Gv 9 ; Dh. 5 ; Bbh 17 °da-kāya; Mv 20 utsadā; RP 47.9 . — 17 . siṃhapūrvārdhakāya ( Pali sīhapubbaddhakāya), LVa 14 ; LVb 18 ; Mvy 14 ; Bbh 18 ; Gv 11 ; Dh. 18 (°ānta° for °ārdha°); Mv ii.305.6 ; prob. concealed in Mv 18 or 19 , corrupt. — 18 . citāntarāṃsa (or °śa, Dh. ; Pali citantaraṃsa), LVa , Mvy 17 ; LVb 19 ; Bbh , Dh. 20 ; Gv 12 ; prob. citā to be read in Mv 17 . — 19 . nyagrodhaparimaṇḍala ( Pali nigrodha°), LVa , LVb , Mvy 13 ; Dh. 22 ; Bbh 11 ; Gv 33 ; Mv 10 nyagrodha. — 20 . susaṃvṛttaskandha ( Pali sama-vatta-kkhandha), LVa , Mvy , Bbh , Dh. 19 ; LVb 20 ; Gv 14 (omits su); Mv 24 samā ( cf. Pali ); Mv ii.305.17 (omits su); RP 47.9 śāntasaṃvṛtta-skandhaḥ; the erroneous spelling °saṃvṛta° in Dh. , Mvy text (but Index and Mironov saṃvṛtta), and Gv (but followed in gloss by vṛttāv asya skandhāv … pīnau, etc. ). — 21 . rasarasāgra(-vant? Pali rasaggasaggi); °gra- (-tā) Mvy 23 ; Dh. 21 ; °gra-vant LVa 22 ; LVb 25 ; °graprāptaḥ Bbh 27 ; rasaṃ Mv 21 ; °griṇaḥ Mv ii.306.4 ; in Gv 17 represented by kambugrīva(-tā) ( 400.25 ), on which see BR s.v. kambu; it is paraphrased by adīnakaṇṭhaḥ, with not inferior neck , but for the real meaning see following passage cited s.v. rasaharaṇī , proving connexion with (rasa-) rasāgra , q.v. ; cf. also RP 47.9 kambu-ruciragrīvā (among lakṣaṇa). — 22 . siṃhahanu ( Pali sīha°), LVa 20 ; LVb 21 ; Mvy 11 ; Gv 18 ; Dh. , Bbh 25 ; Mv 23 sīho (or siṃho); Mv ii.306.4 ; RP 46.15 . — 23 . catvāriṃśaddanta ( Pali cattālīsadanta), Mvy 27 ; cf. Mv ii.306.5 ; catvāriṃśatsamadanta LVb , Bbh 22 , Gv 19 ( 1st ed. ); samacatvāriṃśaddanta LVa 26 ; Gv 19 ( 2d ed. ); not identified in Mv ; cf. RP 46.17 ; 50.17 . — 24 . samadanta ( Pali id. ), Mvy 26 ; Dh. 27 ; Gv 21 ; Mv 26 samā; for Bbh , LVa , LVb , see under prec. ; they seem to combine the two (but note that Gv has this item separately, while including sama with the prec. ); RP 46.17 . — 25 . aviraladanta ( Pali avivara°, but v.l. aviraḷa°), LVa , Mvy 25 ; LVb 24 ; Bbh 23 ; Dh. 29 ; Gv 20 aviralāviṣamadanta(-tā); cf. RP 50.17 . — 26 . suśukla-daṃṣṭra, or °danta ( Pali susukkadāṭha): °daṃṣṭra Gv 401.13 (in gloss on No. 24 above); śukradaṃṣṭrā ( v.l. suśukladanta) Mv ii.306.6 ; °danta LVb 23 ; Mvy , Bbh 24 ; śukla-danta LVa 24 ; śukla-hanu(-tā) Dh. 26 ; śuklā Mv 25 ; cf. RP 46.17 . — 27 . prabhūtajihva ( Pali pahūtajivha), LVa 21 ; LVb 29 ; Dh. 24 ; Gv 22 (su-pra°); prabhūtatanujihva Mvy 21 ; Bbh 26 ; Mv ii.306.7 ; prabhūtā Mv 27 ; jihvā prabhūtā RP 46.18 ; 50.15 . — 28 . brahmasvara ( Pali brahmassara), LVa , Gv 23 ; LVb 26 ; Mvy 20 ; Bbh 28 (with gloss kalaviṅkamanojñabhāṇī; some Pali texts gloss karavīkabhāṇī); Mv 28 brahmā; Mv ii.306.11 ; not in text of Dh. , but one ms. is cited in Müllerʼs note as reading corruptly prastasvara(-tā), which should doubtless be emended and adopted, deleting Dh. 28 haṃsavikrāntagāmi(tā), which is properly an anuvyañjana; cf. RP 47.1 brahmaghoṣā. — 29 . abhinīlanetra ( Pali °netta), LVa , LVb 27 , Bbh 29 , Dh. 31 ; Mv 29 nīla; Mv ii.306.15 ; Gv 24 ( 2d ed. ); Mvy 28 abhinīlanetra-gopakṣmā, combining this with next. Cf. RP 46.15 ; 50.13 . — 30 . gopakṣma, or °man ( Pali gopakkhuma), Bbh 30 °mā ( n. sg. ), Gv 25 °maḥ; °ma-netra LVa 28 , and intended by corrupt readings LVb 28 ; Dh. 32 ; Mv 30 °ma ( mss. ); for Mvy see prec. — 31 . ūrṇā bhruvāntare jātāvadātā mṛdutūlasaṃnibhā (? exact language uncertain, but Pali uṇṇā bhamukantare jātā odātā mudutūlasannibhā); Pali seems supported by Mv ii.306.17—18 , where read bhruvāntare(ṇa) … ūrṇā hi prakāśāvadātā ( mss. cited as °śā ca vātā) mṛduka-(so v.l. )-tūlasādṛśā; LVa 29 ūrṇā … bhruvor madhye jātā himarajataprakāśā; Dh. 17 ūrṇālaṃkṛtamukhatā; Gv 26 bhruvāntare … ūrṇā jātābhūn mṛdvī … śuddhā prabhāsvarā himaguḍikā-tuṣāravarṇā …; Bbh 32 ūrṇā … bhruvor madhye jātā śvetā śaṅkhasaṃnibhā pradakṣiṇāvartā ( cf. LV , Mvy ); LVa 31 ( cf. LVb below, LVa 29 above, Bbh , and Mvy ) … pradakṣināvartakeśaḥ; [Page460-a] Mvy 29 ūrṇākośaḥ (so read), and 31 pradakṣiṇāvartakeśaḥ; LVb 31 bhrūmadhye-sujātapradakṣiṇāvartottaptaviśuddhavarṇābhāsorṇa(ḥ, n. sg. , Bhvr. ); Mv 31 ūrṇā. Cf. RP 46.14 ; 50.12 . — 32 . uṣṇīṣaśīrṣa (see s.v. uṣṇīṣa ; Pali uṇhīsasīsa), LVa 32 ; Mv 32 ; Mv ii.307.4 ; Bbh 31 (°ṣāḥ); °śiraska(-tā) Mvy 32 ; Dh 23 ; mūrdhni … uṣṇīṣam Gv 27 ; uṣṇīṣaśīrṣānavalokitamūrdha LVb 30 ; uṣṇi RP 46.13 ; 50.11 . —A few secondary insertions in individual lists are here ignored. References to the 32 lakṣaṇa, usually as seen on a Buddha, are frequent, e.g. SP 47.10 ; and see s.v. lakṣa for two cases where Senart assumes, wrongly I think, that Mv substitutes that word for lakṣaṇa.