relative pron · ya 2.1 · ya 1.1
which
1. ya the 1st semivowel (corresponding to the vowels i and I , and having the sound of the English y , in Bengal usually pronounced j ).
2. ya m. (in prosody) a bacchic (˘ ¯ ¯), Piṅg.
3. ya the actual base of the relative pronoun in declension [ cf. ya/d and Gk. ὅς , ἥ , ὅ ].
…该来源共 4 条释义
which; what; whatever
Ya° [pronoun relative base; Vedic yaḥ = Greek ὅς who; cf. Gothic jabai if, °ei relative particle An amplification of the dem. pronoun base °i°, °ei° (cf. ayaṃ). See on detail Brugmann, "Die indogerm. Pronomina" in Ber. d. sächs. Ges., XXII.6, 40 f. ] I. Forms. (See inflection also at Geiger, Pāli Grammar §110.) The declention is similar to that of ta°; among the more rarely found forms we only mention the following: singular nominative masculine yo with by-form (in hiatus) yv-, as yvāyaṃ = yo ayaṃ M I 258; yvāssa = yo assa M I 137. Notice the lengthening of the subsequent vowel. An unusual ya is to be found at Ja V 424 (Fausbøll remarks "for yassā"?; perhaps to be combined with preceding pañcapatikā; commentary on page 427 explains ya-kāro nipātamatto) — ablative yasmā in adverbial use; yamhā Dhp 392. — locative yamhi Dhp 261, 372, 393. — feminine locative yassaṃ A III 151 (see below). See further adverbial use of cases (below II 5). — At Pv II 1 1 yāhi is doubtful (perhaps imperative = yajahi, of yajati; commentary leaves it unexplained). Special mention must be made of the neuter nominitive accusative singular, where both yaṃ and yad are found. The (Vedic) form yad (Vedic yat) has been felt more like ya + expletive (sandhi-) d, and is principally found in adverbial use and certain archaic phrases, whereas yaṃ represents the usual (Pāli) form (like tad and taṃ). See more under II. — A Māgadhized form is ye (after se = taṃ), found at D II 278 (see Geiger, Pāli Grammar 105.2 and 110.2. Cf. Trenckner, "Notes" 75.). The expression ye-bhuyyena may belong under this category, if we explain it as yad + bhuyyena (bhuyyena equivalent to bhiyyoso). It would then correspond to seyyathā (= sad + yathā, cf. sayathā, sace, taṃyathā). See references under yebhuyyena. — The expression yevāpanaka is an adjective formation from the phrase ye-vā-pana (= yaṃ vā pana "whatever else there is"), i.e. belonging to something of the same kind, i.e. {544} corresponding, reciprocal, as far as concerned, respective. (See sub voce ) — In adverbial use it often corresponds to English as; see e.g. yad-icchakaṃ, yad-idaṃ (under II 2 b; II 4 b). II. Meaning: "which," in correspondence to a following demonstrative pronoun (ta°); whichever (generalizing); neuter what, whatever. In immediate combination with the demonstrative pronoun it is qualifying and specifying the person, thing or subject in discussion or question (see below 4). 1. Regular use as correlation pronoun, when ya° (+ noun) is followed by ta° (+ noun). Sometimes (in poetry) the reverse is the case, e.g. at It 84 where ta° (m. sa) is elliptically omitted: atthaṃ na jānāti yaṃ lobho sahate naraṃ "he does not know good, whom greed overcomes." — Otherwise regular, e.g.: yassa jātarūparajataṃ kappati pañca pi tassa kāmaguṇā kappanti S IV 326. In a generalizing sense (cf. below II 3): yo vā so vā "der erste beste," some or other, whoever, any Ja IV 38; V 362; yaṃ vā taṃ vā karotu let her do whatever she likes Vv-a 208; yasmiṃ vā tasmiṃ vā on every occasion S I 160 na yo vā so vā yakkho not this or that yakkha i.e. not any (ordinary) kind of yakkha (but Inda) Sv I 264. — The same use (ordinary correlative) applies to the neuter forms yaṃ and yad incorrelationto taṃ and tad. (See seperate under II 2.) 2. Use of neuter forms. (a) neuter yaṃ (a) as pronoun: S III 44 (yaṃ dukkhaṃ ... tad anattā); It 78 (yañ c'aññaṃ whatever else); Vibh-a 54 (yaṃ labbhati yañ ca na labbhati taṃ sabbaṃ pucchitvā). See also under 3 a (yaṃ kiñci, yaṃ yaṃ). (b) as adjective adverb: yaṃmukha facing what, turned where (?) Ja V 475 (but commentary reads and explanation sammukha!); yaṃ-vipāka having what or which kind of fruit D II 209. yaṃ vā ... yaṃ vā whether ... or S II 179; yaṃ na ... na tv'eva neither ... nor S II 179-180. — yaṃ with potential: "so that," that (corresponds to Latin ut consecutivum) S III 41 (yaṃ rūpe anatt'a-nupassive vihareyya). Ja V 339 (n'esa dhammo yaṃ taṃ jahe that I should leave you). — In the function of other conjunctions e.g. as temporal = when, since, after: Ja IV 319 (yaṃ maṃ Suruci-m-ānayi that, or since, S. married me). As conditional or causal = if, even if, because: Vin I 276 (yaṃ te sakkā ... arogaṃ kātuṃ, taṃ karohi if it is possible ... do it; or may be taken in sense of "in whatever way you can do it, do"); Ja III 206 = IV 4 (yaṃ me sirasmiṃ ūhacca cakkaṃ bhamati matthake = because; commentary: yena pāpena). (c) as adverb deictive "so," in combination with various other (emphatic) particles as e.g. yaṃ nūna used in an exhortative sense "well, now"; or "rather, let me"; or "so now," always in phrase yaṃ nūn'a-haṃ "now then let me" (do this or that) very frequent, either with following potential, e.g. "y. na a-haṃ araññaṃ paviseyyaṃ" Dhp-a II 91. "y. na a-. katakammaṃ puccheyyaṃ" Vv-a 132; dasseyyaṃ Vv-a 138; pabbajjeyyaṃ M II 55; āneyyaṃ Dhp-a I 46, vihareyyaṃ ibid. 56; etc. Cf. Ja I 14, 150, 255; III 393; Dhp-a I 91; Pv-a 5 (avassayo bhaveyyaṃ). — Similarly yañ hi "well then, now then" (with potential) S II 210, 221 (taṃ vadeyya). Cf. yagghe. yañ ca and yañ ce [Sanskrit yac ca, or cet, ca here = ce see ca. and cf. sace = sa + ce] (rather) than that: yañ ca Thig 80; Ja I 210; yañce (with potential) S I 176; It 43; Thag 666. saṃgāme me mataṃ seyyo yañ ce jīve parājito (than that I live vanquished) Snp 440 (cf. the intricate explained at Pj II 390); similarly Ja IV 495: me maraṇaṃ seyyo yañ ce jīve tayā vinā. — (d) neuter yad: (a) as pronoun in regular relative use e.g. S III 44 (yad aniccaṃ taṃ dukkhaṃ); It 59 (yad eva diṭṭhaṃ tad evāhaṃ vadāmi). (b) as adverb, e.g. yad-agge (locative) from what on, i.e. from which time, since what time D I 152 (= mūladivasato paṭṭhāya yaṃ divasaṃ aggaṃ patvā Sv I 311); Vv 84 33 (= yato paṭṭhāya Vv-a {488} 344). Also as yad-aggena (instrumental) Vin II 257 (y. Mahāpajāpati-Gotamiyā aṭṭha garudhammā paṭiggahitā tad eva sā upasampannā); Vibh-a 387. — yad atthaṃ for what, why Thig 163. yad-atthiya as much as necessary, as required, sufficient, proper Thag 12; 1274 ("which, for the goal desirous, he led" translation; refers to brahmacariyaṃ). The same verse occurs at Snp 354. The latter passage is mentioned above under atthiya with meaning "on account of what" (cf. kim-atthiyaṃ S III 189). The Snp passage is not explained in Pj II. — yad-icchakaṃ whatever is pleasant, i.e. according to liking, as he pleases A III 28; Pp 11, 12; Ja I 141 (y. bhutta eaten heartily); Vism 154 (+ yavadicchaka); Vv-a 341. Cf. yen'icchakaṃ below II 5. — yad-icchita see under yathā-icchita! — yadidaṃ: see below II 4 b. 3. Generalizing (or distributive) use of ya: There are two modes of generalization, viz. (a) by repeating ya°: yassa yass'eva sālassa mūle tiṭṭhasi, so so muñcati pupphāni; "at the foot of whichever tree you stand, he (in all cases concerned) sheds flowers" Vv 39 3 ; yaṃ yaṃ hi manaso piyaṃ "whatever is pleasant to the senses" Pv II 1 18 ; yaṃ yaṃ passati taṃ taṃ pucchati "whomsoever he sees, him he asks" Ja III 155; yassaṃ yassaṃ disāyaṃ viharati, sakasmiṃ yeva vijite viharati" in whichever region he lives, he lives in his own realm" A III 151; yo yo yaṃ yaṃ icchati tassa tassa adāsi "whatever anybody wished he gave to him" Pv-a 113; yaṃ yaṃ padesaṃ bhajati tattha tatth'eva assa lābhasakkāro nibbattati "whichever region he visits, there (in each) will he have success" Dhp-a II 82. (b) by combination with ko-ci (cf. the identical Latin qui-cun-que ): yassa kassaci rāgo pahīno ayaṃ vuccati ... "the lust of whosoever is abandoned he is called so and so" It 56. yāni kānici vatthūni ... sabbāni tāni ... It 19; ye keci ārabbha "with reference to whosoever" Pv-a 17; yaṃ kiñci whatever Pv I 4 1 . 4. Dependent and elliptic use of ya (with pronoun demonstrative). This represents a sort of deictic (emphatic) use, with reference to what is coming next or what forms the necessary compliment to what is just being said. Thus it introduces a general truth or definition, as we would say "just this, namely, i.e.," or German "so wie, und zwar." (a) The usual combinations are those of ya + sa (neuter taṃ) and of ya + ayaṃ (neuter idaṃ), but such with amu (neuter aduṃ) also occur: yaṃ aduṃ khettaṃ aggaṃ evam eva mayhaṃ bhikkhu-bhikkhuniyo "as there is one field which is the best, thus to me the bhikkhus and bhikkhunīs" S IV 315. Cf. the following: ya + sa e.g. at M. I 366 (yo so puriso paṭhamaṃ rukkhaṃ ārūḷho sace so na khippam eva oroheyya "just that man, who climbed up the tree first, if he does not come down very quickly"); Ja II 159 (yena tena upāyena with every possible means); Pv I 9 1 (yā tā [so read for yā ca!] "just she over there; who as such, i.e. such as she is"); cf. also the following: yā sā sīmā ... taṃ sīmaṃ Vin I 109; ye te dhammā ādikalyāṇā etc. ... sātthaṃ brahmacariyaṃ abhivadanti tathā-rūpā'ssa dhammā honti ... M III 11; yāni etāni yānāni (just) these Dhp-a IV 6. — ya + ayaṃ e.g. at M I 258 (yvāyaṃ vado vedeyyo tatra tatra ... vipākaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti); It 35 = 93 (nibbāpenti mohaggiṃ paññāya yā'yaṃ nibbedha-gāminī: "as it is also penetrating, which as such, or in this quality, or as we know, is penetrating"); Vin IV 134 (ye'me antarāyikā dhammā vuttā ... te paṭisevato nālaṃ antarāyāya "just those which, or whichever"). Thag 124 (paṅko ti hi naṃ avedayuṃ yāyaṃ vandanapūjanā; here = yā ayaṃ); Dhp 56 (appamatto ayaṃ gandho ya-yaṃ tagara-candanī; here = yo ayaṃ); M II 220 (yaṃ idaṃ kammaṃ ... taṃ). (b) neuter yadidaṃ literally "as that," which is this (i.e. the following), may be translated by "viz.," that is, "i.e." in other words, so to speak, just this, "I mean"; e.g. kāmānaṃ etaṃ nissaraṇaṃ yad idaṃ nekkhammaṃ "there is an escape from the lusts, viz. lustlessness"; or: "this is the abandoning of lusts, in other words lustlessness" It 61; dve dānāni āmisa° dhamm°, etad aggaṃ imesaṃ yad idaṃ dhamma° "this is the best of them, I mean dh-d." It 98 = 100; supaṭipanno sāvaka-saṅgho, y. i. cattāri purisa-yugāni etc. M I 37. Instead of yadidaṃ {545} we also find yāvañ c'idaṃ. See also examples given under yāvatā. 5. Cases used adverbially: Either locally or modally; with regards to the local adverbs it is to be remarked that their connotation is fluctuating, inasmuch as direction and place (where) are not always distinguished (cf. English where both meanings = where and where-to), but must be guessed from the context. (a) instrumental yena: (local) where (i.e. at which place) D I 71 (yena yena wherever), 220 (yattha yena yahiṃ = whence, where, whither; not with translation D.B. I 281: where, why, whence!), 238 (the same); yena ... tena where (he was)... there (he went) D I 88, 106, 112 and passim ; cf. D II 85 (yena āvasathāgāraṃ ten'upasaṅkami); A II 33 (yena vā tena vā here and there or "hither and thither"). (modal) Dhp 326 (yen'icchakaṃ II 2 b); Pv I 11 2 (kiṃ akattha pāpaṃ yena pivātha lohitaṃ: so that). — locative yahiṃ where (or whither) Vv 84 29 (yahiṃ yahiṃ gacchati tahiṃ tahiṃ modati); and yasmiṃ: yasmiṃ vā tasmiṃ vā on every occasion S I 160. ablative yasmā (only modal) because A I 260; It 37 (corresponds to tasmā). On yasmā-t-iha see Geiger, Pāli Grammar 73.5.
one of a pair; {T} an odd number
1) match, equal. 2) up. 3) used after a verb to form the infinitive and 'for'; equal
【關代】 哪一，什麽，無論什麽。
(pron, pron, base) whoever; whatever; whichever which, what, whatever
(letter, letter, masc) (gram) letter y; 34th letter of the alphabet; palatal semi-vowel
(cs, cs, masc) (gram) ya; suffix used to form impersonal and passive verbs
…该来源共 4 条释义