yad
ya/d ( nom. and acc. sg. n. and base in comp. of 3. ya ), who, which, what, whichever, whatever, that, RV. &c. &c. (with correlatives tad , tyad , etad , idam , adas , tad etad , etad tyad , idaM tad , tad idam , tAdfSa , IdfSa , IdfS , etAvad , by which it is oftener followed than preceded; or the correl. is dropped, e.g. yas tu nA raBate karma kzipram Bavati nirdravyaH , ‘[he] indeed who does not begin work soon becomes poor’, R. ; or the rel. is dropped, e.g. anDakam BartAraM na tyajet sA mahA-satI , ‘she who does not desert a blind husband is a very faithful wife’, Vet. yad is often repeated to express ‘whoever’, ‘whatever’, ‘whichever’, e.g. yo yaH , ‘whatever man’; yA yA , ‘whatever woman’; yo yaj jayati tasya tat , ‘whatever he wins [in war] belongs to him’, Mn. vii, 96 ; yad yad vadati tad tad Bavati , ‘whatever he says is true’, or the two relatives may be separated by hi , and are followed by the doubled or single correl. tad , e.g. upyate yad Di yad bIjam tat tad eva prarohati , ‘whatever seed is sown, that even comes forth’, Mn. ix, 40 ; similar indefinite meanings are expressed by the relative joined with tad , e.g. yasmE tasmE , ‘to any one whatever’, esp. in yadvA tadvA , ‘anything whatever’; or by yaH with kaSca , kaScana , kaScit , or [in later language, not in Manu ] ko'pi , e.g. yaH kaScit , ‘whosoever’; yAni kAni ca mitrARi , ‘any friends whatsoever’; yena kenA py upA yena , ‘by any means whatsoever’. yad is joined with tvad to express generalization, e.g. SUdrAMs tvad yAMs tvad , ‘either the Śūdra s or anybody else’, ŚBr. ; or immediately followed by a pers. pron. on which it lays emphasis, e.g. yo 'ham , ‘I that very person who’; yas tvaM kaTaM vetTa , ‘how do you know?’, ŚBr. ; it is also used in the sense of ‘si quis’, e.g. striyaM spfSed yaH , ‘should any one touch a woman’. yad is also used without the copula, e.g. anDo jaqaH pIWa-sarpI saptatyA sTaviraSca yaH , ‘a blind man, an idiot, a cripple, and a man seventy years old’, Mn. viii, 394 ; sometimes there is a change of construction in such cases, e.g. ye ca mAnuzAH for mAnuzAMS-ca , Mn. x, 86 ; the nom. sg. n. yad is then often used without regard to gender or number and may be translated by ‘as regards’, ‘as for’, e.g. kzatraM vA etad vanaspatInAM yan nyag-roDaH , ‘as for the Nyag-rodha , it is certainly the prince among trees’, AitBr. ; or by ‘that is to say’, ‘to wit’ e.g. tato devA etaM vajraM dadfSur yad apaH , ‘the gods then saw this thunderbolt, to wit, the water’, ŚBr. yad as an adv. conjunction generally = ‘that’, esp. after verbs of saying, thinking &c., often introducing an oratio directa with or without iti ; iti yad , at the end of a sentence = ‘thinking that’, ‘under the impression that’ e.g. Ratnāv. ii, 2/8. yad also = ‘so that’, ‘in order that’, ‘wherefore’, ‘whence’, ‘as’, ‘in as much as’, ‘since’, ‘because’ [the correlative being tad , ‘therefore’], ‘when’, ‘if’, RV. &c. &c.; a/Da ya/d , ‘even if’, ‘although’, RV. yad api id. , Megh. yad u — evam , ‘as — so’, ŚvetUp. ; yad uta , ‘that’, Bālar. ; ‘that is to say’, ‘scilicet’, Kāraṇḍ. ; Divyāv. ; yat kila , ‘that’, Prasannar. ; yac ca , ‘if’, ‘that is to say’, Car. ; yac ca-yac ca , ‘both - and’, Divyāv. ; ‘that’ [ accord. to Pāṇ. iii, 3, 148 after expressions of ‘impossibility’, ‘disbelief’, ‘hope’, ‘disregard’, ‘reproach’ and ‘wonder’]; yad vA , ‘or else’, ‘whether’, Kāv. ; Rājat. ; [ yad vA , ‘or else’, is very often in commentators]; ‘however’, Bālar. ; yad vA — yadi vA , ‘if — or if’, Bhag. ; yad BUyasA , ‘for the most part’, Divyāv. ; yat satyam , ‘certainly’, ‘indeed’, ‘of course’, Mṛcch. ; Ratnāv. ; yan nu , with 1st pers. , ‘what if I’, ‘let me’, Divyāv. )