upanizad
upaniṣad , f. , upaniṣā , also written °śā, °sā, °sad (= Pali upanisā, in mgs. 1 and 2; on relation to Skt. upaniṣad see Schayer, RO 3.57 (1926), magic correspondence ; Renou, in C. Kunhan Raja Presentation Volume , orig. connexion , from upa-ni-sad- approcher … être ou mettre en regard, confronter ), ( 1 ) cause, basis : AbhidhK ii.106 duḥkhopaniṣac chraddhā, la foi nait de la souffrance ( LaV-P. ); ii.245 hetu, pratyaya, nidāna, kāraṇa, nimitta, liṅga, upaniṣad are synonyms (Vyākhyā); ib. Index, referring to v.40 , mokṣadharmopaniṣad ucchedaḥ; Sūtrāl. xi.9 ( base causale , Lévi ); Bbh 2.26 (ādhāra ity ucyate,) upastambho hetur niśraya upaniṣat pūrvaṃgamo nilaya ( cf. the synonym-list above, AbhidhK. Vy. ) ity ucyate; Ud xiii.5 anyā hi lābhopaniṣad anyā nirvāṇagāminī, for the cause (basis) of gain is one thing, that which leads to nirvāṇa is another (same vs in Dhp. 75 , with lābhūpanisā); see also under (3) below, and s.v. candropaniṣad ; ( 2 ) likeness, comparison (so Pāṇ. 1.4.79 ), chiefly in a frequent cliché, found SP 333.7 ; 349.3 ; Mvy 5087 ; RP 59.16 ; KP 159.17 ; Sukh 31.9 ; Vaj 35.10 ; 42.7 ; Gv 542.3 ; AsP 72.4 ; 98.11 ; Śikṣ 187.1 ; 312.12, 21 ; Dbh 66.26 ; Bbh 104.9 ; 236.22 ; usually a long formula, ending kalām api gaṇanām apy upamām apy upaniṣadam (or °ṣām, etc. ) api na kṣamate (or, nopaiti); sometimes abbreviated by yāvad ( e.g. Vaj 42.7 ; Śikṣ , all 3 times) or vistareṇa yāvad ( Bbh 236.22 ) or without any such phrase indicating abbreviation ( e.g. Bbh 104.9 ); on the other hand, additional terms may be added, esp. at the end (before na …), as dhṛtipadam ( q.v. ) api RP , aupamyam api Vaj 35.10 ; AsP (both times but before upani°); Dbh . The forms of our word, besides the regular upaniṣadam, are: upaniṣām SP 333.7 ( ed. , but most mss. °ṣadam; one °sām api °ṣadam api); RP ; KP ; °sām AsP both times, and see SP 333.7 above; °śām Sukh ; Gv ; Dbh ; in AsP (both times), as in one ms. of SP 333.7 (above), the item is duplicated, reading upaniśām apy upaniṣadam ( 72.4 °sadam) api; for the verb, na kṣamate (or pl. °nte) and nopaiti are equally common, while Sukh has the isolated na gaṇito bhavet. Tib. (on Mvy , and acc. to Bendall on Śikṣ 187.1 ) renders upaniṣad in this passage by rgyu , cause , but this clearly makes no sense. A sort of modulation of this cliché, with nom. sg. forms, in SP 299.13 na teṣāṃ saṃkhyā vā gaṇanā vopamā vopaniṣad vopalabhyate; also Dbh 66.8 (yeṣāṃ saṃkhyā nāsti) gaṇanā pramāṇam upaniṣad aupamyaṃ nāsti. [( 3 ) acc. to Wogihāra, ZDMG 58.454 , and Index to Bbh s.v. , where [Page138-b] Dharmarakṣa is cited as authority, the word also means step, degree ( Grad, Stufe ) , and W. finds this mg. in Bbh 144.21 f. This passage reads (18—23) tasyaibhir daśabhir ākāraiḥ kuśaladharmasaṃgrāhakaśīlavyavasthitasya kṣipram eva kuśalasaṃgraho bhavati, sarvākārasaṃgrahaś ca: yad uta, dānopaniṣadā śīlopaniṣadā kṣāntyupaniṣadā vīryopaniṣadā dhyānopaniṣadā pañcākārayā ca prajñayā. Clearly the 10 ākāra = the 10 pāramitā ( Mvy 913 ff. ), the last five being ‘forms’ of prajñā. But I doubt that upaniṣad here means degree, step , or stage ; rather as in 1 above, by the cause of dāna etc. , on the basis of …, by means of … ( 4 ) In Divy 530.21 for (tayā) svopanisad (uktā) read prob. svā pariṣad, her retinue , with note.]