upa 1 · upa 2
Upa° [Vedic upa; Avesta upa on, up; Greek ὑπό under, ὑπέρ over; Latin sub from °(e)ks-upo; Gothic uf under and on; Old High German ūf = Anglo-Saxon up = English up; Old-Irish fo under. See also upari] — prefix denoting nearness or close touch (cf. similarly ā), usually with the idea of approach from below or rest on top, on, upon, up, by. — In compounds °a-upa is always contracted to °upa, e.g. devūpaṭṭhāna, lokūpaga, puññūpatthambhita. Meanings: 1. (Rest): on, upon, up: °kiṇṇa covered over; °cita heaped up, ac-cumulated; °jīvati live on (cf. anu°); °tthambhita propped up, sup-ported; °dhāreti hold or take up; °nata bent on; °nissaya foundation; °nissita depending on etc. 2. (Aim): (out) up to (the speaker or hearer); cf. the meanings developed out of this as "higher, above" in upara, upari, upama = Latin superus, supremus E.g. °kaḍḍhati drag on to; °kappati come to, accrue; °kappana ad-ministerng; °kāra service to; °kkhata administerd; °gacchati go to, ap-proach (cf. upātigacchati); °disati ad-vise; °dhāvati run up to: °nadati to sound out; °nikkhamati come out up to; °nisevita gone onto or after; °neti bring onto; etc. 3. (Nearness): close by, close to, near, "ad-"; e.g. °kaṇṇaka close to the ear; °cāra ap-plication; °ṭṭhāna at-tending; °ṭṭhita ap-proached; °tiṭṭhati stand by, look after; °dduta urged; °nāmeti place close to; °nibandhati tie close to; °nisīdati sit close to or down by. 4. (Intensive use): quite, altogether, "up"; e.g. °antika quite near; °chindati cut up. 5. (Diminutive use as in Latin subabsurdus; Greek ὑπόλευκος whitish; Old-Irish fo-dord; Cymr. go-durdd murmur): nearly, about, somewhat, a little, secondary, by-, miniature, made after the style of, e.g. °aḍḍha about half; °kacchaka like a little hollow; °kaṇḍakin (= °paṇḍukin? whitish); °deva a minor god; °nibha somewhat similar to; °nila bluish; °purohita minor priest; °rajja viceroyalty; °lohitaka; °ropa; °vana a little forest. etc. Note: The nearest semantie affinity of upa is ā°.
upa ind. 1 As a prefix to verbs and nouns it expresses towards, near to, by the side of, with, under, down ( opp. apa ). According to G. M. the following are its senses: — upa sAmIpyasAmarTyavyAtyAcAryakftimftidozadAnakriyAvIpsAraMBADyayanapUjanezuH - (1) nearness, contiguity; upaviSati, upagacCati goes near; (2) power, ability; upakaroti ; (3) pervasion; upakIrRa ; (4) advice, instructing as by a teacher; upadiSati , upadeSa ; (5) death, extinction, uparata ; (6) defect, fault; upaGAta ; (7) giving; upanayati, upaharati ; (8) action, effort; upa tvAnezye ; (9) beginning, commencement; upakramate, upakrama ; (10) study; upADyAyaH ; (11) reverence, worship; upasTAnaM, upacarati pitaraM putraH . It is also said to have the senses of disease, ornament, command, reproof, killing, wish, resemblance &c. 2 As unconnected with verbs and prefixed to nouns, it expresses direction towards, nearness, resemblance, relationship, contiguity in space, number, time, degree &c., but generally involving the idea of subordination or inferiourity; upakanizWikA the finger next to the little finger; upapurARaM a secondary Purāṇa; upaguruH an assistant master; upADyakzaH a vice-president. It usually, however, forms Avyayī. comp. in these senses; upagaMgaM = gaMgAyAH samIpe; upakUlaM, °vanaM &c.; these are again compounded with other words; upakUpajalASayaH, upakaMWanivAsinI . Prefixed to proper nouns it means a ‘younger brother’; upeMdraH . 3 With numerals it forms saMKyAbahuvrIhi and means ‘nearly,’ ‘almost’; upatriMSAH nearly thirty; upaviMSAH about twenty &c. 4 As a separable preposition ( a ) with acc. when it means ( pb ) inferiority ( P. I. 4. 87 ); upa hariM surAH Sk the gods are under i. e. are inferior to Hari; SakrAdaya upAcyutaM Vop. ( b ) With loc. it expresses (1) over, above, superior to; upa nizke kArzApaRaM , upa parArDe harerguRAH ; (2) addition; (3) near to, towards, in the direction of, under; (4) at, on, upon; (5) upto, in, above; e. g. upa sAnuzu on or above the peaks; vayo na vasatIrupa ; or sometimes ( c ) with the instr. ; with, at the same time with, according. to 5 As a separable adverb it is rarely used in the senses of further, moreover. upAsanne'Dike hIne sAdfSyapratiyatnayoH . tadyogavyAptipUjAsu SaktAvAraMBadAnayoH .. dakziRAcAryakaraRadozAKyAnAtyayezu ca . . [ cf. Gr. hupo ; L. sub ; Goth. up ; Germ. ob .].
(prefix, prefix) towards; near; alongside
(prefix, prefix) descendent of; sibling of; son of