upAyaH 1 ( a ) Means, an expedient, remedy; upAyaM ciMtayetprAjYastaTApAyaM ca ciMtayet Pt. 1. 406 ; Amaru. 21 ; Ms. 8. 48 , 7. 177. ( b ) A plan, contrivance; °nilayA Mu. 1. 5. ( c ) A mode, way, stratagem. 2 A fact, circumstance; U. 7. 3 Beginning, commencement. 4 Effort, exertion; Bg. 6. 36 ; Ms. 9. 248 ; 10. 2. 5 A means of success against an enemy; (these are four: — sAman conciliation or negotiation, dAnaM bribery; ( pb ) BadaH sowing dissensions; and daMqaH punishment, open attack; some authorities add three more: — mAyA deceit; upekzA trick, deceit or neglect; iMdrajAla conjuring; thus making the total number 7); caturTopAyasADye tu ripO sAMttramapakriyA Śi. 2. 54 ; sAmAdInAmupAyAnAM caturRAmapi paMqitAH Ms. 7. 109. 6 Joining (as in singing). 7 Approach. Comp. — catuzwayaM the four expedients against an enemy; see above (5). — ciMtA devising an expedient or scheme. — jYa a. fertile in expedients. — turIyaH the 4th expedient, i. e. daMqa or punishment. — yogaH application of means or remedy; Ms. 9. 10.