anUd · und
Ud- [Vedic ud-; Gothic ūt = Old High German ūz = English out, Old-Irish ud-; cf. Latin ūsque "from-unto" and Greek ὓστερος = Sanskrit uttara] — prefix in verbal and nominal combinations. One half of all the words beginning with u° are combinations with ud°, which in compounds appears modified according to the rules of assimilation as prevailing in Pāli. I. Original meaning "out in an upward direction", out of, forth; like ummujjati to rise up out of (water), ujjalati to blaze up high; udeti to come out of and go up; ukkaṇṭha stretching one's neck out high (cf. German "empor"); uggilati to "swallow up", i.e. spit out. — The opposites of ud- are represented by either ava or o° (see under II and IV and cf. ucc-āvaca; uddhambhāgiya: orambhāgiya), noun (see below) or vi (as udaya: vi-aya or vaya). II. Hence develop 2 clearly defined meanings, viz. 1. out, out of, away from: °aṇha ("day-out"); °agga ("top-out"); °āgacchati; °ikkhati look out for, expect; °kantati tear out; °khitta thrown off; °khipati pick out; °gacchati come out; °gamaṇa rising (opposite o°); °gajjati shout out; °gilati (opposite o°); °ghoseti shout out; °cināti pick out; °chiṭṭha thrown out; °jagghati laugh at, cf. German aus-lachen; °tatta smelted out; °tāna stretched out; °dāleti tear out; °dhaṭa lifted out, drawn out; °disati point out to; °drīyati pull out; °pajjati to be produced; °patti and °pāda coming out, origin, birth; °paṭipatiyā out of reach; °paḷāseti sound out; °phāsulika "ribs out"; etc. etc. 2. up (high) or high up, upwards, onto (cf. ucca high, uttara higher): °kujja erect (opposite ava°); °kūla sloping up (opposite vi°); °khipati throw up; °gaṇhāti take up; °chindati cut up; °javati go up-stream; °javana the same (opposite o°); uñña pride; °thāna "standing up"; °ṭhita got up; °tarati come out, go up (opposite o°); °nata raised up, high (opposite o°); °nama e-levation; °nāmin raised (opposite ni°); °patati fly up; etc. etc. III. More specialised meanings (from elliptical or figurative use) are: 1. ud° = without, "ex-", e.g. unnaṅgala "outplough" = without a plough; uppabbajita an ex-bhikkhu. 2. ud° = off, i.e. out of the way, wrong, e.g. uppatha a wrong road, ummagga the same 3. ud° = out of the ordinary, i.e. exceedingly, e.g. ujjaṅgala extremely dusty; uppaṇḍuka very pale; uppoṭheti to beat hard. IV. D.B. ectical variations and combinations 1. Owing to semantic affinity we often find an interchange between ud° and ava° (cf. English break up = break down, grind up or down, tie up or down), according to different points of view. This wavering between the two prefixes was favoured by the fact that o always had shown an unstable tendency and had often been substituted for or replaced by ū, which in its place was reduced to u before a double consonant, thus doing away with the different between ū and u or o and u. For comparison see the following: ukkamati and okk°; uññā: avañña; uddiyati: odd°; uḍḍeyya oḍḍ°; uppīḷeti: opīḷ°; etc., and cf. abbhokirati < abbhukkirati. 2. the most frequent combinations that ud° enters into are those with the intensifying prefixes abhi° and sam°; see e.g. abhi + ud (= abbhud°) + gacchati, °jalati; °ṭhāti; °namati etc.; sam + ud + eti; °kamati; °chindati; °tejeti; °pajjati, etc.
anU d (√ ud ) ( impf. 3. pl. anv-Ondan ) to wet along, Kāṭh.
1. ud a particle and prefix to verbs and nouns. (As implying superiority in place, rank, station, or power) up, upwards
2. ud or und cl. 7. P. una/tti ( RV. v, 85, 4 ) : cl. 6. P. undati ( p. unda/t , RV. ii, 3, 2 : Impv. 3. pl. undantu , AV. vi, 68, 1 ; 2 ) Ā. unda/te ( AV. v, 19, 4 ; undAM cakAra , undizyati &c., Dhātup. xxix, 20 ) to flow or issue out, spring (as water); to wet, bathe, RV. ; AV. ; ŚBr. ; KātyŚr. ; ĀśvGṛ. ; PārGṛ. &c.: Caus. ( aor. Ondidat , Vop. xviii, 1 ) : Desid. undidizati , Kāś. on Pāṇ. vi, 1, 3 ; [ cf. Gk. ὕδωρ ; Lat. unda ; Goth. vat-o ; Old High Germ. waz-ar ; Mod. Eng. wat-er ; Lith. wand-ū́ .]
…该来源共 4 条释义
ud ind. A prefix to verbs and nouns. G. M. gives the following senses with illustrations:- 1 Superiourity in place, rank or power; up, upwards, upon, on, over, above; ( udbala ). 2 Separation, disjunction; out, out off, from, apart &c.; udgacCati . 3 Motion upwards ( uttizWati ). 4 Acquisition, gain; upArjati . 5 Publicity; uccarati . 6 Wonder; anxiety; utsuka . 7 Liberation; udgata . 8 Absence; utpaTa . 9 Blowing, expanding, opening; utPulla . 10 Pre-eminence; uddizwa . 11 Power; utsAhaH; ut prAbalyaviyogorDvakarmalABaprakASAScaryamokzaRABAvadalaprADAnyaSAktizu . With nouns it forms adj. and adv. compounds; udarcis, ucCiKa, udbAhu, unnidraM , utpaTaM, uddAmaM &c. It is sometimes used in the Veda as an expletive simply to fill out the verse.
ud = uMd q. v.
(prefix, prefix) up; upwards