feminine · taṇhā 4 · taṇhā arati ragā
craving
Taṇhā (feminine) [Sanskrit tr̥ṣṇā, besides tarśa (masculine) and ṭr̥ṣ (feminine) = Avesta tarśna thirst, Greek ταρσία dryness, Gothic paūrsus, Old High German durst, English drought and thirst; to °ters to be, or to make dry in Greek τέρσομαι, Latin torreo to roast, Gothic gapaīrsan, Old High German derren. — Another form of t. is tasiṇā] literally drought, thirst; figurative craving, hunger for, excitement, the fever of unsatisfied longing (with locative: kabaḷiṅkāre āhāre "thirst" for solid food S II 101 f.; cīvare piṇḍapāte taṇhā = greed for Snp 339). Opposed to peace of mind (upekhā, santi). A. Literal meaning: khudāya taṇhāya ca khajjamānā tormented by hunger and thirst Pv II 1 5 (= pipāsāya Pv-a 69). B. In its secondary meaning: taṇhā is a state of mind that leads to rebirth. Plato puts a similar idea into the mouth of Socrates (Phaedo 458, 9). Neither the Greek nor the Indian thinker has thought it necessary to explain how this effect is produced. In the chain of causation (D II 34) we are told how taṇhā arises — when the sense organs come into contact with the outside world there follow sensation and feeling, and these (if, as elsewhere stated, there is no mastery over them) result in taṇhā. In the First Proclamation (S V 420 f. ; Vin I 10) it is said that taṇhā, the source of sorrow, must be rooted out by the way there laid down, that is by the Aryan path. Only then can the ideal life be lived. Just as physical thirst arises of itself, and must be assuaged, got rid of, or the body dies; so the mental "thirst," arising from without, becomes a craving that must be rooted out, quite got rid of, or there can be no Nibbāna. The figure is a strong one, and the word taṇhā is found mainly in poetry, or in prose passages charged with religious emotion. It is rarely used in the philosophy or the psychology. Thus in the long enumeration of qualities (Dhs), taṇhā occurs in one only out of the 1,366 sections (Dhs 1059), and then only as one of many subordinate phases of lobha. taṇhā binds a man to the chain of saṃsāra, of being reborn and dying again and again (2b) until Arahantship or Nibbāna is attained, taṇhā destroyed, and the cause alike of sorrow and of future births removed (2c). In this sense Nibbāna is identical with "sabbupadhi-paṭinissaggo taṇhakkhayo virāgo nirodho" (see Nibbāna). 1. Systematizations: The 3 aims of t. kāma°, bhava°, vibhava°, that is craving for sensuous pleasure, for rebirth (anywhere, but especially in heaven), or for no rebirth; cf. vibhava. {268} These three aims are mentioned already in the First Proclamation (S V 420; Vin I 10) and often afterwards D II 61, 308; III 216, 275; S III 26, 158; It 50; Paṭis I 26, 39; II 147; Vibh 101, 365; Nett 160. Another group of 3 aims of taṇhā is given as kāma°, rūpa° and arūpa° at D III 216; Vibh 395; and yet another as rūpa°, arūpa° and nirodha° at D III 216. — The source of t. is said to be sixfold as founded on and relating to the 6 bāhirāni āyatanāni (see rūpa), objects of sense or sensations, viz. sights, sounds, smells, etc.: D II 58; Paṭis I 6 f.; Nidd II §271 I ; in threefold aspects (as kāma-taṇhā, bhava° and vibhava°) with relation to the 6 senses discussed at Vism 567 f.; also under the term cha-taṇha-kāyā (sixfold group, see compounds) M I 51; III 280; Paṭis I 26; elsewhere called chadvārika-taṇhā "arising through the 6 doors" Dhp-a III 286. — 18 varieties of t. (comprising worldly objects of enjoyment, ease, comfort and well-living are enumerated at Nidd II §271 III (under taṇhā-lepa). 36 kinds: 18 referring to sensations (illusions) of subjective origin (ajjhattikassa upādāya), and 18 to sensations affecting the individual in objective quality (bāhirassa upādāya) at A II 212; Nett 37; and 108 varieties or specifications of t. are given at Nidd II §271 II (under Jappā) = Dhs 1059 = Vibh 361. — Taṇhā as "kusalā pi akusalā pi" (good and bad) occurs at Nett 87; cf. Tālapuṭa's good t. Thag 1091 f. 2. Import of the term: (a) various characterizations of t.: mahā° Snp 114; kāma° S I 131; gedha° S I 15; bhava° D III 274 (+ avijjā); grouped with diṭṭhi (wrong views) Nidd II §271 III, 271 VI t. fetters the world and causes misery: "yāya ayaṃ loko uddhasto pariyonaddho tantākulajāto" A II 211 f.; taṇhāya jāyatī soko taṇhāya jāyatī bhayaṃ taṇhāya vippamuttassa n'atthi soko kuto bhayaṃ Dhp 216; taṇhāya uḍḍito loko S I 40; yaṃ loke piyarūpaṃ sātarūpaṃ etth'esā taṇhā ... Vibh 103; it is the 4th constituent of Māra's army (M.-senā) Snp 436; M.'s daughter, S I 134. In comparisons: t. + jālinī visattikā S I 107; = bharādānaṃ (t. ponobbhavikā nandirāga-sahagatā) S III 26; V 402: gaṇḍa = kāya, gaṇḍamūlan ti taṇhāy'etaṃ adhivacanaṃ S IV 83; = sota S IV 292 (and a khīṇāsavo = chinnasoto); manujassa pamatta-cārino t. vaḍḍhati māluvā viya Dhp 334. (b) taṇhā as the inciting factor of rebirth and incidental cause of saṃsāra kammaṃ khettaṃ viññāṇaṃ bījaṃ taṇhā sineho ... evaṃ āyatiṃ punabbhavābhinibbatti hoti A I 223; t. ca avasesā ca kilesā: ayaṃ vuccati dukkha-samudayo Vibh 107, similarly Nett 23 f.; as ponobbhavikā (causing rebirth) S III 26; Paṭis II 147, etc.; as a link in the chain of interdependent causation (see paṭicca-samuppāda): vedanā-paccayā taṇhā, taṇhā-paccayā upādānaṃ Vin I 1, 5; D II 31, 33, 56, etc.; t. and upadhi: taṇhāya sati upadhi hoti t. asati up. na hoti S II 108; ye taṇhaṃ vaḍḍhenti te upadhiṃ vaḍḍhenti, etc. S II 109; taṇhāya nīyati loko taṇhāya parikissati S I 39; taṇhā saṃyojanena saṃyuttā sattā dīgha-rattaṃ sandhāvanti saṃsaranti It 8. See also t.-dutiya. (c) To have got rid of t. is Arahantship: vigata-taṇha vigata-pipāsa vigata-pariḷāha D III 238; S III 8, 107 f., 190; samūlaṃ taṇhaṃ abbuyha S I 16 = 63, 121 (Godhiko parinibbuto); III 26 (nicchāto parinibbuto); vīta° Snp 83, 849, 1041 (+ nibbuta); taṇhāya vippahānena S I 39 ("Nibbānaṃ" ti vuccati), 40 (sabbaṃ chindati bandhanaṃ); taṇhaṃ mā kāsi mā lokaṃ punar āgami Snp 339; taṇhaṃ pariññāya ... te narā oghatiṇṇā ti Snp 1082; ucchinna-bhava-taṇhā Snp 746; taṇhāya vūpasama S III 231; t.-nirodha S IV 390. — See also M I 51; Dhp 154; It 9 (vita° + anādāna), 50 (°ṃ pahantvāna); Snp 495, 496, 916; and cf. °khaya. 3. Kindred terms which in commentaries are explained by one of the taṇhā-formulæ (cf. Nidd II §271 V and 271 VII): (a) t. in groups of 5: (α) with kilesa saṃyoga vipāka duccarita; (β) diṭṭhi kilesa duccarita avijjā; (γ) diṭṭhi kil° kamma duccarita. (b) quasi-synonyms: ādāna, ejā, gedha, jappā, nandī, nivesana, pariḷāha, pipāsā, lepa, loluppa, vāna, visattikā, sibbanī. — In compounds the form taṇhā is represented by taṇha before double consonants, as taṇhakkhaya, etc. -ādhipateyya mastery over t. S III 103; -ādhipanna seized by t. S. I 29; Snp 1123; -ādāsa the mirror of t. A II 54; -ābhinivesa full of t. Pv-a 267; -āluka greedy Ja II 78; -uppādā (plural) (four) grounds of the rise of craving (viz. cīvara, piṇḍapāta, senāsana, itibhavābhava) A II 10 = It 109; D III 228; Vibh 375; -kāyā (plural) (six) groups of t. (see above B 1) S II 3; D III 244. 280; Paṭis I 26; Vibh 380; -kkhaya the destruction of the {295} excitement of cravings, almost synonymous with Nibbāna (see above B.2.c): °rata Dhp 187 (explained at Dhp-a III 241: arahatte c'eva Nibbāne ca abhirato hoti); Vv 73 5 (explained by Nibbāna Vv-a 296); therefore in the expositionary formula of Nibbāna as equivalent with noun Vin I 5; S III 133; It 88, etc. (see Nibbāna). In the same sense: sabbañjaho taṇhakkhaye vimutto Vin I 8 = M I 171 = Dhp 353; taṇhākkhaya virāga nirodha Nibbāna A II 34, explained at Vism 293; bhikkhu arahaṃ cha ṭhānāni adhimutto hoti: nekkhammādhimutto, paviveka°, avyāpajjha°, upādānakkhaya°, taṇhakkhaya°, asammoha° Vin I 183; cf. also Snp 70, 211, 1070, 1137; -gata obsessed with excitement, i.e. a victim of t. Snp 776; -gaddula the leash of t. Nidd II §271 II 1; -cchida breaking the cravings Snp 1021, 1101; -jāla the snare of t. M I 271; Thag 306; Nidd II §271 II; -dutiya who has the fever or excitement of t. as his companion A II 10 = It 9 = 109 = Snp 740, 741 = Nidd II §305; cf. BMPE 256, note 2; -nadī the river of t. Nidd II §271 II; cf. nadiyā soto ti: taṇhāy'etaṃ adhivacanaṃ It 114; -nighātana the destruction of t. Snp 1085; -pakkha the party of t., all that belongs to t. Nett 53, 69, 88, 160; -paccaya caused by t. Snp 144; Vism 568; -mūlaka rooted in t. (dhammā: 9 items) Paṭis I 26, 130; Vibh 390; -lepa cleaving to t. Nidd II §271 III; (+ diṭṭhi-lepa); -vasika being in the power of t. Ja IV 3; -vicarita a thought of t. A II 212; -saṅkhaya (complete) destruction of t.; °sutta M I 251 (cūḷa°), 256 (mahā°): °vimutti salvation through cessation of t. M I 256, 270, and °vimutta (adjective) S IV 391; -samudda the ocean of t. Nidd §271 II; -sambhūta produced by t. (t. ayaṃ kāyo) A II 145 (cf. Snp page 144; yaṃ kiñci dukkhaṃ sambhoti sabbaṃ taṇhāpaccayā); -saṃyojana the fetter of t. (adjective) fettered, bound by t., in phrase t.-saṃyojanena saṃyuttā sattā dīgha-rattaṃ sandhāvanti saṃsaranti It 8, and t.-saṃyojanānaṃ sattānaṃ sandhāvataṃ saṃsarataṃ S II 178 = III 149 = Pv-a 166; A I 223; -salla the sting or poisoned arrow of t. S I 192 (°assa hantāraṃ vande ādiccabandhunaṃ), the extirpation of which is one of the 12 achievements of a mahesi Nidd II §503 (°assa abbuḷhana; cf. above).
thirst, craving (for food or drink); (a general) craving; strong desire
【陰】 愛，渴望，口渴，貪欲，執著。~kkhaya,【陽】 愛盡（渴望 的破壞）。~jāla,【中】 愛網（渴望的陷阱）。~dutiya,【形】 以渴望 爲友的。~paccaya,【形】 愛緣的（由渴望引起的）。~vicarita, 愛伺（渴 望的思潮）。~saṅkhaya,【陽】 愛等盡（渴望的完成破壞）。~saṃyojana,【中】 愛桎梏（渴望的腳鐐）。~salla,【中】 愛鏢（渴望的飛鑣）。
<b> <c c="#a00149">Taṇhā</c> </b> <br>One of the three daughters of Māra, who tried to tempt the Buddha under the Ajapāla-nigrodha, soon after the Enlightenment. <c c="#3b6bd3">Snp.p.163</c> <c c="#3b6bd3">SN.i.124f.</c> <br> <br> </deftext>
(fem, fem, abstr, from tasati) thirst thirst Construction: taṇhā + ā
(idiom, idiom, fem + fem + fem) names of the three daughters of Death [lit.] craving, non-delight and lust
(fem, fem, abstr, from tasati) craving; wanting; desire (for) craving, lust [lit.] thirst Construction: taṇhā + ā
…该来源共 5 条释义