masculine · saṅkhāra 1 · saṅkhāra 2
essential condition; a thing conditioned, mental coefficients
Saṅkhāra [from saṃ + kr̥, not Vedic, but as śaṃskāra Epic and Classical Sanskrit meaning "preparation" and "sacrament," also in philosophical literature "former impression, disposition," cf. vāsanā] one of the most difficult terms in Buddhist metaphysics, in which the blending of the subjective-objective view of the world and of happening, peculiar to the East, is so complete, that it is almost impossible for Occidental terminology to get at the root of its meaning in a translation. We can only convey an idea of its import by representing several sides of its application, without attempting to give a "word" as a definite translation. — An exhaustive discussion of the term is given by Franke in his Dīgha translation (pages 307 f., especially 311 f. ); see also the analysis in Cpd. 273-276. — Literally "preparation, get up"; applied: coefficient (of consciousness as well as of physical life, cf. viññāṇa), constituent, constituent potentiality; (plural) synergies, cause-combination, as in S III 87; discussed, BMPE , §§58-63 (cf. As 156, where paraphrased in definition of sa-saṅkhāra with "ussāha, payoga, upāya, paccaya-gahaṇa"); composition, aggregate. 1. Aggregate of the conditions or essential properties for a given process or result — e.g. (i.) the sum of the conditions or properties making up or resulting in life or existence; the essentials or "element" of anything (—°), e.g. āyusaṅkhāra, life-element D II 106; S II 266; Pv-a 210; bhavasaṅkhāra, jīvitasaṅkhāra, D II 99, 107. (ii.) Essential conditions, antecedents or synergy (co-ordinated activity), mental coefficients, requisite for act, speech, thought: kāya°, vacī°, citta°, or mano°, described respectively as "respiration," "attention and consideration," "percepts and feelings," "because these are (respectively) bound up with," or "precede" those M I 301 (cf. 56); S IV 293; Kv 395 (cf. PtsC 227); Vism 530 f.; As 8; Vibh-a 142 f. 2. One of the five khandhas, or constitutional elements of physical life (see khandha), comprising all the citta-sampayutta-cetasikā dhammā — i.e. the mental concomitants, or adjuncts which come, or tend to come, into consciousness at the uprising of a citta, or unit of cognition Dhs 1 (cf. M III 25). As thus classified, the saṅkhāras form the mental factor corresponding to the bodily aggregate or rūpakkhandha, and are in contrast to the three khandhas which represent a single mental function only. But just as kāya stands for both body and action, so do the concrete mental syntheses called saṅkhārā tend to take on the implication of synergies, of purposive intellection, connoted by the term abhisaṅkhāra, q.v. — e.g. M III 99, where saṅkhārā are a purposive, aspiring state of mind to induce a specific rebirth; S II 82, where puññaṃ, apuñ- {665} ñaṃ, āṇeñjaṃ s. abhisaṅkharoti, are, in D III 217 and Vibh 135, catalogued as the three classes of abhisaṅkhāra; S II 39, 360; A II 157, where s. is tantamount to sañcetanā; Miln 61, where s., as khandha, is replaced by cetanā (purposive conception). Thus, too, the ss. in the paṭicca-samuppāda formula are considered as the aggregate of mental conditions which, under the law of kamma, bring about the inception of the paṭisandhi-viññāṇa, or first stirring of mental life in a newly begun individual. Lists of the psychologically, or logically distinguishable factors making up the composite saṅkhārakkhandha, with constants and variants, are given for each class of citta in Dhs 62, etc. (N.B. — Read cetanā for vedanā, 338.) Phassa and cetanā are the two constant factors in the s.-kkhandha. These lists may be compared with the later elaboration of the saṅkhāra-elements given at Vism 462 f. 3. saṅkhārā (plural) in popular meaning. In the famous formula (and in many other connections, as e.g. sabbe saṅkhārā) "aniccā vata saṅkhārā uppādavaya-dhammino" (D II 157; S I 6, 158, 200; II 193; Thag 1159; Ja I 392, cf. Vism 527), which is rendered by Mrs. Rh.D. ( Ps.B. , p 385 e.g.) as "O, transient are our life's experiences! Their nature 'tis to rise and pass away," we have the use of s. in quite a general and popular sense of "life, physical or material life"; and sabbe saṅkhārā means "everything, all physical and visible life, all creation." Taken with caution the term "creation" may be applied as technical term in the paṭicca-samuppāda, when we regard avijjā as creating, i.e. producing by spontaneous causality the saṅkhāras, and saṅkhārā as "natura genita atque genitura" (the latter with reference to the following viññāṇa). If we render it by "formations" (cf. Oldenberg's "Gestaltungen," Buddha 7th editor 1920, page 254), we imply the mental "constitutional" element as well as the physical, although the latter in customary materialistic popular philosophy is the predominant factor (cf. the discrepancies of "life eternal" and "life is extinct" in one and the same European term). None of the "links" in the paṭicca-samuppāda meant to the people that which it meant or was supposed to mean in the subtle and schematic philosophy (dhammā duddasā nipuṇā!) of the dogmatists. — Thus saṅkhārā are in the widest sense the "world of phenomena" (cf. below °loka), all things which have been made up by pre-existing causes. — At Pv-a 71 we find saṅkhārā in literally meaning as "things" (preparations) in definition of ye keci (bhogā) "whatever." The sabbe s. at S II 178 (translation "all the things of this world") denote all 5 aggregates exhausting all conditioned things; cf. Kv 226 (translation "things"); Mhv IV 66 (the material and transitory world); Dhp 154 (vi-saṅkhāragataṃ cittaṃ = mind divested of all material things); As 304 (translation "kamma activities," in connection avijjā-paccaya-s°); Cpd. 211, note 3. — The definition of saṅkhārā at Vism 526 (as result of avijjā and cause of viññāṇa in the paṭicca-samuppāda) is: saṅkhataṃ abhisaṅkharontī ti saṅkhārā. Api ca: avijjā-paccayā saṅkhārā saṅkhāra-saddena āgata-saṅkhārā ti duvidhā saṅkhārā; etc. with further definition of the 4 saṅkhāras. 4. Various passages for saṅkhāra in general: D II 213; III 221 f., M II 223 (imassa dukkha-nidānassa saṅkhāraṃ padahato saṅkhāra-ppadhānā virāgo hoti); S III 69 (ekanta-dukkhā saṅkhārā); IV 216 f. (saṅkhārāṇaṃ khaya-dhammatā; the same with vaya°, virāga°, nirodha° etc.); Snp 731 (yaṃ kiñci dukkhaṃ sambhoti sabbaṃ saṅkhāra-paccayā; saṅkhārānaṃ nirodhena n'atthi dukkhassa sambhavo); Vism 453, 462 f. (the 51), 529 f.; Dhp-a III 264, 379; Vibh-a 134 (fourfold), 149 (threefold), 192 (āyūhanā); Pv-a 41 (bhijjana-dhammā). Of passages dealing with the saṅkhāras as aniccā, vayadhammā, anattā, dukkhā etc. the following may be mentioned: Vin I 13; S I 200; III 24; IV 216, 259; V 56, 345; M III 64, 108; A I 286; II 150 f.; III 83, 143; IV 13, 100; It 38; Dhp 277, 383; Paṭis I 37, 132; II 48; 109 f.; Nidd II §444, 450; also Nidd II page 259 ( sub voce saṅkhārā). {601} -upekkhā equanimity among "things" Vism 161, 162; -ūpasama allayment of the constituents of life Dhp 368, 381; cf. Dhp-a IV 108; -khandha the aggregate of (mental) coefficients D III 233; Kv 578; Tikap 61; As 345; Vibh-a 20, 42; -dukkha the evil of material life, constitutional or inherent ill Vibh-a 93 (in the classification of the sevenfold sukkha); -paccayā (viññāṇaṃ) conditioned by the synergies (is vital consciousness), the second linkage in the paṭicca-samuppāda (q.v.) Vism 577; Vibh-a 152 sq. -padhāna concentration on the saṅkhāras M II 223; -majjhattatā = °upekkhā Vibh-a 283; -loka the material world, the world of formation (or phenomena), creation, loka "per se," as contrasted to satta-loka, the world of (morally responsible) beings, loka "per hominem" Vism 205; Vibh-a 456; Pj II 442.
【陽】 行，必要的條件，有條件的事物，心智的協同因素。~kkhandha,【陽】 行蘊，心智的協同因素集合體。~dukkha,【中】 行 苦，物質生活的邪惡。~loka,【陽】 行世界，整個的創造。
(masc, masc, from saṅkharoti) intention; volitional formation; choice; karmic activity [lit.] making together Construction: saṃ + √kar > khār + *a
(masc, masc, in comps, from saṅkharoti) function; activity; process [lit.] making together Construction: saṃ + √kar > khār + *a
(masc, masc, from saṅkharoti) mental formation; mental activity; thought processes; fourth of the five aggregates mental coefficients, mental formations [lit.] making together Construction: saṃ + √kar > khār + *a
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