neuter · rūpa 1 · rūpa 2
form
form; figure; image; object of the eye; a material composition
Rūpa (neuter) [cf. Vedic rūpa, connected etymologically with varpa (Grassmann). — The nominative plural is rūpā and rūpāni] form, figure, appearance, principle of form, etc. A. Definitions. According to Pāli expositors rūpa takes its designation from ruppati, e.g. "ruppanato rūpaṃ" Vism 588; "ruppanaṭṭhena r." Vibh-a 3; "rūpa-rūpaṃ = ruppana sabhāvena yuttaṃ" Cpd. 156 7 (where ruppati is, not quite correctly, given as "change"), "ruppatī ti: tasmā rūpan ti vuccati" S III 86; other definitions are "rūpayatī ti rūpaṃ" (with cakkhu and the other 10 āyatanas) Vibh-a 45; and more scientifically: "paresu rūpādisu cakkhu-paṭihanana lakkhaṇaṃ rūpaṃ" Vism 446. — Of modern interpretations and discussions see e.g. BMPE introduction xxxvi f. , xlviii 153 f. D.B. II 244; Expositor 67 n; Cpd. 270 f. (where objections are raised to translation "form," and as better (philosophical) terms "matter," "material quality" are recommended). See also loka for similar etymology B. (literal) appearance, form, figure Dhs 597 f. (= form either contrasted with what is unseen, or taken for both seen and unseen), 751; Mhv 27, 30 (sīha-vyagghādirūpāni representations of lions, tigers etc.); 30, 68 (ravicanda-tāra-rūpāni the same); 36, 31 (loha° bronze statue); Thig-a 257. — Especially beautiful form, beauty S IV 275 = Pv II 9 58 (as one of the 10 attributes, with sadda etc., of distinction: see also below D II a); Miln 285; Mhv 20, 4 (rūpa-māninī proud of her beauty); Pv-a 89. — surūpa very beautiful Thig-a 72; durūpa of evil form, ugly A II 203 f. (dubbaṇṇa + r.). — In phrase rūpaṃ sikkhati Vin I 77 = IV 129 the meaning is doubtful; it may be "to study drawing, or arts and craft," or (with Mrs. Rh.D.) "weights and measures," or (with Hardy) "money changing." It is said that through this occupation the eyes become bad; it is opposed to gaṇanā. C. (—°) of such and such a form, like, kind, of a certain condition or appearance. In this application very frequent and similar to English -hood, or German °heit, i.e. an abstract formation. Often untranslatable because of the latter character. It is similar to kāya (cf. explanation of ātura rūpa Vv 83 14 by abhitunna-kāya Vv-a 328), but not so much with reference to life and feeling as to appearance and looks. E.g. aneka° Snp 1079 (= anekavidha Nidd II §54); adissamāna° invisible Pv-a 6 (literally with invisible form); ummatta° as if mad, under the appearance of madness, like a madman Pv I 8 1 ; II 6 3 ; eva° in such a condition Pv II 1 5 ; tapassī° appearing to be an ascetic Pv I 3 2 ; tāraka° the (shapes of the) stars Dhs 617; deva° as a deva Pv-a 92. Pleonastically e.g. in: anupatta° attaining Pv IV 1 66 ; taramāna° quickly Pv II 6 2 ; yutta° fit Pv-a 157; sucitta° variegated Pv I 10 9 . — Cases adverbially: citta-rūpaṃ according to intention Vin III 161; IV 177; cetabba-rūpaṃ fit to be thought upon Ja IV 157. (= °yuttakaṃ commentary). — atta-rūpena on my own account S IV 97; godha-rūpena as an iguana Mhv 28, 9. D. (as philosophical technical term) principle of (material) form, materiality, visibility. — There are various groups of psychological and metaphysical systematizations, in which rūpa functions as the material, gross factor, by the side of other, more subtle factors. In all these representations of rūpa we find that an element of moral psychology overshadows the purely philosophical and speculative aspect. A detailed (Abhidhammatic) discussion of rūpa in various aspects is to be found at Dhs 585-980. 1. rūpa as āyatana or sense object. It is the object of the activity or sphere of the organ of sight (cakkhu). As such it heads the list of the 6 bāhirāni āyatanāni (see e.g. Nidd II page 238 A-E and āyatana 3 ) with "cakkhunā rūpaṃ disvā" (the others: sota > sadda, ghāna > gandha, jivhā > rasa, kāya > phoṭṭhabba, mano > dhamma), cf. cakkhu-viññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā etc. D I 245; M I 266; cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati iṭṭha-rūpaṃ kanta-rūpaṃ etc. S IV 126; — see further: Vin I 34 (sabbaṃ ādittaṃ: cakkhuṃ ādittaṃ, rūpa ādittā etc. with sequence of other āyatanas); D II 308 f., 336 f.; M III 18 (yaṃ kho rūpaṃ paṭicca uppajjati sukhaṃ somanassaṅ, ayaṃ rūpe assādo; cf. Paṭis II 109 f. ), 291 (ye te cakkhu-viññeyyesu rūpesu avīta-rāgā etc.); Paṭis I 79; II 38 (rūpī rūpāni passivetī ti vimokkho); Dhs 617, 653, 878; Tikap 28. 2. (metaphysically) as the representative of sensory or material existence: (a) universally as forming the corporeal stratum in the world of appearance or form (rūpa-bhava) as compared with the incorporeal (arūpa-bhava), being itself above, and yet including the kāma-bhava. (The kāmabhava is a subdivision of rūpabhava, which has got raised into a third main division.) This triad is also found in combinations with loka or dhātu (see dhātu 2 a and d), or avacara. See e.g. D I 17; III 215 (°dhātu), 216 (°bhava); Kv 370 f. (°dhātu); Dhs 499 (°āvacara), 585 (°dhātu); Vibh 17 (°āvacara), 25 (as garu-pariṇāma and dandha-nirodha compared with arūpa). A similar sequence rūpa arūpa and nirodha (i.e. Nibbāna) in old verses at Snp 755; It 45, 62 (rūpehi arūpā santatarā, arūpehi nirodho santataro). On indriya-rūpa "faculty as form" see indriya B. (b) individually in the sphere of saṃsāra as one (i.e. the material quality) of the substrata of sensory individual existence or the khandhas. They are the 5: rūpa-kkhandha, vedanā°, saññā°, saṅkhārā°, viññāṇa°; otherwise called rūpūpādāna-kkhandha etc. (e.g. D III 223, 278; Vism 443). See khandha II B. — In this property rūpa consists of 28 subdivisions, viz. the 4 (great) dhātūs (mahābhūtāni or else bhūta-rūpa primary matter) and 24 upādārūpāni (i.e. derivative forms or accidentals). These are given in extenso in the rūpakkhandha section of the Vism (pages 443-450), also at Dhs 585; the 24 consist of: cakkhu, sota, ghāna, jivhā, kāya, rūpa, sadda, gandha, rasa, itthindriya, purisindriya, jīvitindriya, hadaya- {575} vatthu, kāya-viññatti, vacī-viññatti, ākāsa-dhātu, (rūpassa) lahutā mudutā kammaññatā, upacaya santati jaratā aniccatā, kabaḷinkārāhāra; cf. definition at Nett 73: cātu-mahābhūtikaṃ rūpaṃ catunnaṃ ca mahābhūtānaṃ upādāya rūpassa paññatti. The rūpakkhandha shares with the others the qualities of soullessness, evanescence and ill (anattā, anicca, dukkha); e.g. rūpañ ca h'idaṃ attā abhavissa, na y'idaṃ rūpaṃ ābadhāya saṃvatteyya Vin I 13, cf. similarly M III 282 f.; S III 66; quoted and explained in detail at Vism 610; rūpaṃ aniccaṃ Vin I 14; M I 228; III 18 (also explained at Vism 610); S III 48, 66, 88; rūpe aniccānupassanā Paṭis II 186 f. — See also D II 301; III 233; Paṭis I 23, 53, 104; II 96, 102, 109 (rūpassa ādīnavo); Vibh 1. f., 12 f. (in detail); Kv 11 f.; Vism 443 f.; Tikap 33; Vibh-a 2, 3, 32 f. = S III 142 (with various similes); Dhp-a IV 100. (c) in the making up of the individuality as such (nāma-rūpa), where in contrast with nāma (as abstract, logical, invisible or mind-factor) rūpa represents the visible (material) factor, resembling kāya (cf. phrase nāma-kāya in same sense). The following are current definitions of nāma-rūpa: nāma-(kāya) = vedanā, saññā, cetanā, phassa, manasikāra (otherwise citta-saṅkhārā), rūpa(-kāya) = cattāro mahā-bhūtā catunnaṃ m.-bhūtānaṃ upādāya rūpaṃ (otherwise kāya-saṅkhārā) S II 4; III 59 f.; Paṭis I 183; with explanations at Vism 558 and Vibh-a 169. Defined at Nett 15: "ye phassa-pañcamakā dhammā: idaṃ nāmaṃ, yāni pañc'indriyāni rūpāni: idaṃ rūpaṃ, tad ubhayaṃ nāmarūpaṃ viññāṇa-sampayuttaṃ." Discussed in detail also at Vism 562 (= Vibh-a 173, 174), 587-597; cf. As 392 ( Expositor 500, where "mind-matter" is given as corresponding {516} couple in translation, do. Cpd. 271 f. "mind and body"). See also under paṭicca-samuppāda. 3. various references: D III 102, 212, 225, 244, 273; M I 84 (Gotamo kāmānaṃ pariññaṃ paññāpeti, rūpānaṃ, vedanānaṃ); S II 198; III 11 (evaṃ-rūpo siyaṃ, evaṃ vedano etc.), 101 (the same, and the khandhas); Snp 867, 874, 943, 1037, 1121; Nidd I 425; Tikap 36, 38, 54, 262; Vism 625 (uppajjanaka°). -ārammaṇa a visible thing as object Dhs 146, 365; As 310 (cf. Expositor 407); -āvacara world of form, sphere of matter (cf. Expositor 67, 216n, 264) Pv-a 163; -ūpaga (satta) (a being) living in (bodily) form It 62; Snp 754; -ūpajīvinī feminine a woman living on her beauty, i.e. a harlot Pv-a 46, 201; -ññu knowing (various) bodily forms M I 220 = A V 347; -taṇhā craving after form D II 309; III 216, 244, 280; Vibh-a 179 (in detail); -dakkha one clever in forms, viz. an artist (accountant?) Miln 344 (in the Dhamma-nagara); -dhātu the element of form, material element Vism 486; Nett 32, 97. See above D 2; -nimitta sign of form Paṭis I 92; -patta beautiful Ja I 61; -pamāṇika measuring by form (outward appearance), one of the 4 kinds of measurements which the world takes of the Tathāgata (see A II 71 and Pp 53), viz. rūpa°, ghosa°, lūkha°, dhamma° Dhp-a III 113; the same four similarly at Pj II 242; -pātubhāva appearance of form (also as °antara° intermediate form) Pj II 245; -bhava material existence: see above D 2; -rāga lust after rebirth in rūpa D III 234 (+ arūpa°); Nett 28 (pañc'indriyāni rūpīni rūpa-rāgassa padaṭṭhānaṃ; -rūpa material form (mutable material quality?) Cpd. 156, doubtful translation and explanation -saññā perception of material qualities, notion of form D I 34; II 112 (explained in detail at Vism 328); III 224, 244, 253; Nidd II §545; As 200 (cf. Expositor 269); -saññin perceiving form D III 260; Paṭis II 38; Snp 1113; -santati duration of material form Vism 431; Vibh-a 21; -samussaya accumulation of form, complex form Thig-a 98; -samāpatti attainment of beauty Ja I 406; -sampatti beauty Ja III 187; -siri personal splendour Ja I 60.
【中】 色（相），外形，體形，圖像，視野（眼睛的物件，即：所看 到的東西），物質元素的合成物（即：地水火風所組成的物質體）。~ka,【中】 小體形，直喻。~taṇhā,【陰】 色愛（色相的渴望）。~dassana,【中】 見色（視界的察覺）。~bhava,【陽】 色有（梵天世界）。~rāga,【陽】 色貪（渴望出生在色相的世界）。~vantu,【形】 英俊的。~sampatti,【陰】 美好的東西。~siri,【陰】 個人的光彩壯麗。~ārammaṇa,【中】 色緣（看得見的事物）。~avacara,【形】 色界的。
(nt, nt) matter; material thing; materiality; experience of material world; physical objects of consciousness; first of the five aggregates material composition [lit.] form Construction: √rūp + a
(nt, nt) body; physical body; material bodily [lit.] form Construction: √rūp + a
(nt, nt) (object of the eye) form; material form; shape; sight; appearance form, figure, image, object of the eye Construction: √rūp + a
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