nyAyaH [ niyaMti anena; ni-i GaY ] 1 Method, manner, way, rule, system, plan; aDArmikaM triBirnyAyErnigfhRIyAtprayatnataH Ms. 8. 310. 2 Fitness propriety, decorum; Ki. 11. 30. 3 Law, justice, virtue, equity, righteousness, honesty; yAMti nyAyapravfttasya tiryaMcopi sahAyatAM A. R. 1. 4. 4 A law-suit, legal proceeding 5 Judicial sentence, judgment. 6 Policy, good government. 7 Likeness, analogy. 8 A popular maxim, an apposite illustration, illustration, as daMqApUpanyAya, kAkatAlIyanyAya , GuRAkzaranyAya &c.; see below. 9 A Vedic accent; nyAyEstriBirudIraRaM Ku. 2. 12. ( Malli. takes nyAya to mean svara ; but it is quite open, in our opinion, to take nyAya in the sense of ‘a system’ or ‘way’; ‘which are manifested in three systems, i. e. fk, yajus and sAman ’); Bh. 3. 55. 10 (In gram. ) A universal rule. 11 A system of Hindu philosophy founded by the sage Gautama. 12 The science of logic, logical philosophy. 13 A complete argument or syllogism (consisting of five members; i. e. pratijYA , hetu, udAharaRa, upanaya and nigamana ). 14 An epithet of Viṣṇu. ( nyAyena ind. in the way of, after the manner or analogy of; baDirAnmaMdakarRaH SreyA niti nyAyena &c.). Comp. — paTaH the Mīmāṃsā philosophy. — vartin a. well-behaved, acting justly. — vAdin a. one who speaks what is right or just. — vfttaM good conduct, virtue. — SAstraM 1 the philosophical system of the Nyāya school. 2 the science of logic. — sAriRI proper or suitable behaviour. — satraM the aphorisms of Nyāya philosophy by Gautama. Note . A few of the common Nyāyas or popular maxims are here collected for ready reference and arranged in alphabetical order. 1. aMDacawakanyAyaH The maxim of the blind man catching a sparrow, analogous in sense to GuRAkzaranyAya q. v. 2. aMDaparaMparAnyAyaH The maxim of the blind following the blind. It is used in those cases where people blindly or thoughtlessly follow others, not caring to see whether their doing so would not be a leap in the dark. 3. aruMDatIdarSananyAyaH The maxim ( pb ) of the view of the star Arundhatī. The following explanation of Śankarāchārya will make its use clear: - aruMDatIM didarSayizustatsamIpasTAM sTUlAM tArAmamuKyAM prayamamaruMDatIti grAhayitvA tAM pratyAKyAya paScAdaruMDatImeva grAhayati . 4. aSokavanikAnyAyaH The maxim of the grove of Aśoka trees. Rāvaṇa kept Sītā in the grove of Aśoka trees, but it is not easy to account for his preference of that particular grove to any other one; so when a man finds several ways of doing a thing, any one of them may be considered as good as another, and the preference of any particular one cannot be accounted for. 5. aSmalozwranyAyaH The maxim of the stone and clod of earth. A clod of earth may be considered to be hard as compared with cotton, but is soft as compared with a stone. So a person may be considered to be very important as compared with his inferiors, but sinks into insignificance when compared with his betters. The maxim is also used to denote the relative importance of two things, though absolutely both may be bad; e. g. gopAlaparaSurAmO uBAvapi atIva durmeDasO . kiMtu aSmalozwranyAyena gopAlaH paraSurAmAdvarIyAn . cf. Mar. ‘dagaqApekzAM vIwa maU’ . The maxim pAzARezwakanyAya is similarly used. 6. kadaMbakoraka(golaka)nyAyaH The maxim of the Kadamba buds; used to denote simultaneous rise or action, like the bursting forth of the buds of the Kadamba tree at one and the same time. 7. kAkatAlIyanyAyaH The maxim of the crow and the palm-fruit. It takes its origin from the unexpected and sudden fall of a palm-fruit upon the head of a crow (so as to kill it) at the very moment of its sitting on a branch of that tree; and is used to denote a very unexpected and accidental occurrence, whether welcome or unwelcome; cf. Candrāloka : - yattayA melanaM tatra lABo me yaSca suBruvaH . tadetatkAkatAlIyamavitarkitasaMBavaM .. also Kuvalayānanda : - patat tAlaPalaM yaTA kAkemopaBuktamevaM rahodarSanakzuBitahfdayA tanvI mayA BuktA . see kAkatAlIya also. 8. kAkadaMtagavezaRanyAyaH The ( pb ) maxim of searching after a crow's teeth, used to denote any useless, unprofitable, or impossible task. 9. kAkAkzigolakanyAyaH The maxim of the crow's eyeball. It takes its origin from the supposition that the crow has but one eye ( cf. words like ekadfzwi, ekAkza &c.), and that it can move it, as occasion requires, from the socket on one side into that of the other; and the maxim is applied to a word or phrase which, though used only once in a sentence, may, if occasion requires, serve two purposes; e. g. dvIpo'striyAmaMtarIpaH ityatra astriyAmityasya kAkAkzigolakanyAyema aMtarIpaSabdenApyanvayaH . 10. kUpayaMtraGAwikAnyAyaH The maxim of the buckets attached to the water-wheel. It takes its origin from the fact that while some of the buckets filled with water go up, some are emptied of their contents, while others go down quite empty; and is used to denote the various vicissitudes of worldly existence; cf. - kAMScittucCayati prapUrayati vA kAMScinnayatyunnatiM...