masculine · loka 1 · loka 2
world
[ loka , see aloka .]
the world; the population
Loka [cf. Vedic loka in its oldest meaning "space, open space." For etymology see rocati. To the etymological feeling of the Pāli hearer loka is closely related in quality to ruppati (as in popular etymology of rūpa) and rujati. As regards the latter the etymology runs "lujjati kho loko ti vuccati" S IV 52, cf. Nidd II §550, and loka = lujjana As 47, 308: see lujjana. Dhātup 531 gives root lok (locative) in sense of dassana] world, primarily "visible world," then in general as "space or sphere of creation," with various degrees of substantiality. Often (unspecified) in the comprehensive sense of "universe." Sometimes the term is applied collectively to the creatures inhabiting this or various other worlds, thus, "man, mankind, people, beings." — Loka is not a fixed and definitive term. It comprises immateriality as well as materiality and emphasizes either one or the other meaning according to the view applied to the object or category in question. Thus a translation of "sphere, plane, division, order" interchanges with "world." Whenever the spatial element prevails we speak of its "regional" meaning as contrasted with "applied" meaning. The fundamental notion however is that of substantiality, to which is closely related the specific Buddhist notion of impermanence (loka = lujjati). 1. Universe: the distinctions between the universe (cf. cakkavāḷa) as a larger whole and the world as a smaller unit are fluctuating and not definite. A somewhat wider sphere is perhaps indicated by sabba-loka (e.g. S I 12; IV 127, 312; V 132; It 122; Mhv 1, 44; cf. sabbāvanta loka D I 251; III 224), otherwise even the smaller loka comprises various realms of creation. Another larger division is that of loka as sadevaka, samāraka, sabrahmaka, or the world with its devas, its Māra and its Brahmā, e.g. S I 160, 168, 207; II 170; III 28, 59; IV 158; V 204; A I 259 f.; II 24 f.; III 341; IV 56, 173; V 50; It 121; Nidd I 447 (on Snp 956), to which is usually added sassamaṇa-brāhmaṇī pajā (e.g. D I 250, see references sub voce pajā). With this cf. Dhp 45, where the divisions are paṭhavī, Yamaloka, sadevaka (loka), which are explained at Dhp-a I 334 by paṭhavī = attabhāva; Yamaloka = catubbidha apāyaloka; sadevaka = manussaloka devalokena saddhiṃ. — The universe has its evolutional periods: saṃvaṭṭati and vivaṭṭati D II 109 f. The Buddha has mastered it by his enlightenment: loko Tathāgatena abhisambuddho It 121. On loka, loka-dhātu (= cosmos) and cakkavāḷa cf. Kirfel, Kosmographie der Inder pages 180, 181. 2. Regional meaning. in general. Referring to this world, the character of evanescence is inherent in it; referring to the universe in a wider sense, it implies infinity, though not in definite terms. There is mention of the different metaphysical theories as regards cosmogony at many places of the canon. The antānantikā (contending for the finitude or otherwise of the world) are mentioned as a sect at D I 22 f. Discus- {587} sions as to whether loka is sassata or antavā are found e.g. at M I 426, 484; II 233; S III 182, 204; IV 286 f.; A II 41; V 31, 186 f.; Paṭis I 123, 151 f.; Vibh 340; Dhs 1117. Views on consistency of the world (eternal or finite; created or evolved etc.) at D III 137; cf. S II 19 f. cf. also the long and interesting discussion of loka as suñña at S IV 54 f.; Paṭis II 177 f.; Nidd II §680; — as well as M II 68 (upanīyati loko addhuvo, and "attāṇo loko, assakoloko" etc.); "lokassa anto" is literally unattainable: A II 50 = S I 62; IV 93; but the Arahant is "lokantagū," cf. A IV {526} 430. — As regards their order in space (or "plane") there are various groupings of various worlds, the evidently popular one being that the world of the devas is above and the Nirayas below the world of man (which is "tiriyaṃ va-pi majjhe"): Nidd II §550. The world of men is as ayaṃ loko contrasted with the beyond, or paro loko: D III 181; S IV 348 f.; A I 269; IV 226; Snp 779 (nāsiṃsati lokaṃ imaṃ parañ ca); or as idhaloka D III 105. The definition of ayaṃ loko at Nidd I 60 is given as: sakattabhāva, saka-rūpa-vedanā etc., ajjhattāyatanāni, manussa-loka, kāmadhātu; with which is contrasted paro loko as: parattabhāva, para-rūpa-vedanā, bāhirāyatanāni, deva-loka, rūpa- and arūpadhātu. — The rise and decay of this world is referred to as samudaya and atthaṅgama at S II 73; III 135; IV 86; A V 107. — Cf. D III 33 (attā ca loko ca); Mhv 1, 5 (lokaṃ dukkhā pamocetuṃ); 28, 4 (loko'yaṃ pīḷito); Pv-a 1 (vijjā-caraṇa-sampannaṃ yena nīyanti lokato). — Other divisions of various kinds of "planes" are e.g. deva° A I 115, 153; III 414 f.; Brahma° Vibh 421; Mhv 19, 45; Yama° Dhp 44; S I 34; nara° Mhv 5, 282. See also each seperate headword, also peta° and manussa°. The division at Nidd I 550 is as follows: Niraya°, tiracchāna°, pittivisaya°, manussa°, deva° (= material); upon which follow khandha°, dhātu°, āyatana° (= immaterial). Similarly at Nidd I 29, where apāya° takes the place of Niraya°, tiracchāna°, pittivisaya°. — Another threefold division is saṅkhāra°, satta°, okāsa° at Vism 204, with explanations: "sabbe sattā āhāra-ṭṭhitikā" ti = saṅkhāra-loka; "sassato loko ti vā asassato loko" ti = sattaloka; "yāvatā candima-suriyā pariharanti disā 'bhanti virocamānā" etc. (= M I 328; A I 227; cf. Ja I 132) = okusaloka. The same explanation in detail at Pj II 442. — Another as kāma°, rūpa°, arūpa°: see under rūpa; another as kilesa°, bhava°, indriya° at Nett 11, 19. Cf. saṅkhāra-loka Vibh-a 456; dasa loka-dhātuyo (see below) S I 26. 3. Ordinary and applied meaning. (a) division of the world, worldly things S I 1, 24 (loke visattikā attachment to this world; opposite sabba-loke anabhirati S V 132). — loke in this world, among men, here D III 196 (ye nibbutā loke); It 78 (loke uppajjati); Sv I 173 (the same); Vibh 101 (yaṃ loke piya-rūpaṃ etc.); Pv II 1 13 (= idaṃ commentary); Pj I 15, 215. See also the different definitions of loke at Nidd II §552. — loka collectively "one, man": kicchaṃ loko āpanno jāyati ca jīyati ca, etc. D II 30. Also "people": Laṅka-loka people of Ceylon Mhv 19, 85; cf. jana in similar meaning. Derived from this meaning is the use in compounds (—°) as "usual, every day, popular, common": see e.g. °āyata, °vajja, °vohāra. (b) "thing of the world," material element, physical or worldly quality, sphere or category (of "materiality"). This category of loka is referred to at Vibh 193, which is explained at Vibh-a 220 as follows: "ettha yo ayaṃ ajjhattādi bhedo kāyo pariggahīto, so eva idha-loko nāma." In this sense 13 groups are classified according to the number of constituents in each group (1-12 and No. 18); they are given at Nidd II §551 (under lokantagū Snp 1133) as follows: (1) bhavaloka; (2) sampatti bhavaloka, vipatti bhavaloka; (3) vedanā; (4) āhārā; (5) upādāna-kkhandhā; (6) ajjhattikāni āyatanāni (their rise and decay as "lokassa samudaya and atthaṅgama" at S IV 87); (7) viññāṇaṭṭhitiyo; (8) loka-dhammā; (9) sattāvāsā; (10) upakkilesā; (11) kāmabhavā; (12) āyatanāni; (18) dhātuyo. They are repeated at Paṭis I 122 = 174, with (1) as "sabbe sattā āhāraṭṭhitikā; (2) nāmañ ca rūpañ ca; and the remainder the same. Also at Vism 205 and at Pj II 442 as at Paṭis I 122. Cf. the similar view at S IV 95: one perceives the world ("materiality": loka-saññin and loka-mānin, proud of the world) with the six senses. This is called the "loka" in the logic (vinaya) of the ariyā. — A few similes with loka see JPTS 1907, 131. -akkhāyikā (feminine, scilicet kathā) talk or speculation about (origin etc. of) the world, popular philosophy (see lokāyata and cf. D.B. I 14) Vin I 188; D I 8; M I 513; Miln 316; Sv I 90; -agga chief of the world. Especially of the Buddha Thig-a 69 (Ap. verse 11); -anta the end (spatial) of the world A II 49 (na ca appatvā lokantaṃ dukkhā atthi pamocanaṃ); -antagū one who has reached the end of the world (and of all things worldly), especially of an Arahant A II 6, 49 f.; It 115, Snp 1133; Nidd II §551; -antara the space between the single worlds Ja I 44 (Ap-a 49: Avīcimhi n'uppajjanti, tathā lokantaresu ca); -antarika ( scilicet Niraya) a group of Nirayas or Hells situated in the lokantara (i.e. cakkavālantaresu Ja I 76), 8,000 yojanas in extent, pitch dark, which were filled with light when Gotama became the Buddha Ja I 76; Vibh-a 4; Vism 207 (lokantariya°); Pj II 59 (°vāsa life in the l. Niraya); cf. BHS lokāntarikā Divy 204 ( andhās tamaso'ndhakāra-tamisrā); -ādhipa lord or ruler of the world A I 150; -ādhipateyya "rule of the world," dependence on public opinion, influence of material things on man, one of the 3 ādhipateyyas (atta°, loka°, dhamma°) D III 220; Vism 14; -ānukampā sympathy with the world of men [cf. BHS lokānugraha Divy 124 f. ] D III 211; It 79; -āmisa worldly gain, bait of the flesh M I 156; II 253; Thig 356; -āyata what pertains to the ordinary view (of the world), common or popular philosophy, or as Rh.D. ( D.B. I 171) puts it: "name of a branch of brahman learning, probably Nature-lore"; later worked into a quasi-system of "casuistry, sophistry." Franke, Dīgha translation page 19, translates as "logisch beweisende Naturerklärung" (see the long note on this page, and cf. D.B. I 166-172 for detail of lokāyata). It is much the same as lokakkhāy(ika) or popular philosophy. D I 11, 88; Vin II 139; Snp page 105 (= vitaṇḍa-vāda-sattha Pj II 447, as at Sv I 247); Miln 4, 10, 178; A I 163, 166; III 223. Cf. BHS lokāyata Divy 630, 633, and lokāyatika ibid. 619. See also Kern's remarks at Toev. sub voce -āyatika (brāhmaṇa) one who holds the view of lokāyata or popular philosophy S II 77 (translation K.S. 53: a brahmin "wise in world-lore"); Miln 178; Ja VI 486 (na seve lokāyatikaṃ; explained as "anatthanissitaṃ ... vitaṇḍa-sallāpaṃ lokāyatika-vādaṃ na seveyya," thus more like "sophistry" or casuistry); -issara lord of the world Saddh 348; -uttara see under lokiya; -cintā thinking about the world, world philosophy or speculation S V 447; A II 80 (as one of the 4 acinteyyāni or thoughts not to be thought out: Buddha-visaya, jhāna-visaya, kamma-vipāka, l.-c.). Cf. BHS laukika citta Divy 63, 77 etc; -dhammā (plural) common practice, things of the world, worldly conditions S III 139 f.; Snp 268 (explanation loke dhammā; yāva lokappavatti tāva-anivattikā dhammā ti vuttaṃ hoti Pj I 153, cf. Ja III 468); Miln 146. Usually comprising a set of eight, viz. lābha, alābha, yaso, ayaso, nindā, pasaṃsā, sukhaṃ, dukkhaṃ D III 260; A IV 156 f.; V 53; Nidd II §55; Paṭis I 22, 122; Vibh 387; Nett 162; Dhp-a II 157; -dhātu constituent or unit of the Universe, "world-element"; a world, sphere; another name for cakkavāḷa. Dasa-sahassi-loka-dhātu the system of the 10,000 worlds Vin I 12; A I 227. — D III 114; Pv II 9 61 ; Kv 476; Vism 206 f.; Vibh 336; Nidd I 356 (with the stages from one to fifty loka-dhātus, upon which follow: sahassī cūḷanikā l-dh.; dvisahassī majjhimikā; tisahassī; mahāsahassī); Ja I 63, 212; Miln 237; Vibh-a 430, 436. See also cūḷanikā; -nātha saviour of the world, epithet of the Buddha Snp 995; Vism 201, 234; Vv-a 165; {588} Pv-a 42, 287; -nāyaka guide or leader of the world (said of the Buddha) Snp 991; Ap 20; Mhv 7, 1; Miln 222; -nirodha destruction of the world It 121 (opposite °samudaya); -pāla (°devatā) guardian (governor) of the world, which are usually sepcified as four, viz. Kuvera (= Vessavaṇa), Dhataraṭṭha, Virūpakkha, Virūḷhaka, alias the 4 Mahārājāno Pv I 4 2 ; Ja I 48 (announce the future birth of a Buddha); -byūha "world-array," plural byūhā (devā) name of a class of devas Ja I 47; Vism 415 (kāmāvacara-devas); -mariyādā the boundary of the world Vv-a 72; -vajja common sins Miln 266; Pj I 190; -vaṭṭa "world-round," i.e. saṃsāra (opposite vivaṭṭa = Nibbāna) Nett 113, 119. See also vaṭṭa; -vidu knowing the universe, epithet of the Buddha D III 76; S I 62; V 197, 343; A II 48; Snp page 103; Vv 34 26 ; Pp 57; explained in full at Pj II 442 and Vism 204 f. -vivaraṇa unveiling of {527} the universe, apocalypse, revelation Vism 392 (when humans see the devas etc.); -vohāra common or general distinction, popular logic, ordinary way of speaking Pj II 383, 466; Vibh-a 164.
【陽】 世界，世界的居民。~gga,【陽】 世界的領袖。~nāyaka, ~nātha,【陽】 世界的統治者。~nta,【陽】 世界的結束。~ntagū,【陽】 已經達到世界（以及所有世俗事物）的尾端的人。~ntara,【中】 不同的世界， 在世界之間的空間。~ntarika,【形】 位於世界之間的。~nirodha,【陽】 世界的破壞。~pāla,【陽】 世界的護衛者。~vajja,【中】 世界的罪（共同的罪）。~vivaraṇa,【中】 宇宙的揭開。~vohāra,【陽】 普通的說話方法。~ādhipacca,【中】 世界的支配。~anukampā,【陰】 對人類世界的同情。~āyatika,【形】 持有自然學主義的人，虛無主義者。
(masc, masc) world; universe; cosmos world Construction: √lok + a
(masc, masc) world; plane of existence Construction: √lok + a
(masc, masc) people (of the world); population population Construction: √lok + a
…该来源共 4 条释义