kAla · masculine · kāla 1.1
time
Kāla (and Kāḷa) — Preliminary. 1. dark (synonym kaṇha, which cf. for meaning and applications), black, blue-black, misty, cloudy. Its proper sphere of application is the dark as opposed to light, and it is therefore characteristic of all phenomena or beings belonging to the realm of darkness, as the night, the new moon, death, ghosts, etc. — There are two etymologies suggestible, both of which may have been blended since IndoAryan times: (a) kāla = Sanskrit kāla, blue-black, kālī black cloud from °qāl (with which connection °qel in kalaṅka, spot, kalusa dirty, kammāsa speckled, Greek κελαινός, Mhg. hilwe mist) = Latin cālidus spot, Greek κηλίς spot, and κηλάς dark cloud; cf. Latin cālīgo mist, fog, darkness. (b) see below, under note. — Hence. 2. the morning mist, or darkness preceding light, daybreak, morning (cf. English morning = Gothic maūrgins twilight, Sanskrit marka eclipse, darkness; and also gloaming = gleaming = twilight), then: time in general, especially a fixed time, a point from or to which to reckon, i.e. term or terminus (a quo or ad quem ). — Note: The definition of colour-expressions is extremely difficult. To a primitive colour-sense the principal difference worthy of notation is that between dark and light, or dull and bright, which in their expressions, however, are represented as complements for which the same word may be used in either sense of the complementary part (dark for light and vice versa, cf. English gleam > gloom). All we can say is that kāla belongs to the group of expressions for dark which may be represented simultaneously by black, blue, or brown. That on the other hand, black, when polished or smooth, supplies also the notion of "shining" is evidenced by kāḷa and kaṇha as well, as e.g. by *skei in Sanskrit chāyā = Greek σκιά shadow as against Anglo-Saxon haeven "blue" (E. heaven) and Old High German skīnan, English to shine and sky. The psychological value of a colour depends on its light-reflecting (or light absorbing) quality. A bright black appears lighter (reflects more light) than a dull grey, therefore a polished (añjana) black (= sukāḷa) may readily be called "brilliant" In the same way kāla, combined with other colour-words of black connotation does not need to mean "black," but may mean simply a kind of black, i.e. brown. This depends on the semasiological contrast or equation of the passage in question. Cf. Sanskrit śyāma (dark-grey) and śyāva (brown) under kāsāya. That the notion of the speckled or variegated colour {211} belongs to the sphere of black, is psychologically simple (dark specks against a light ground, cf. kammāsa), and is also shown by the second etymology of kāla = Sanskrit śāra, mottled, speckled = Latin caerulus, black-blue and perhaps caelum "the blue" (cf. heaven) = Greek κηρύλο the blue ice-bird. (On k. > cf. kaṇṇa > śr̥ṇga, kilamati > śramati, kilissati > ślis°, etc.) The usual spelling of kāla as kāḷa indicates a connection of the ḷ with the r of śāra. — The definition of kāḷa as jhām'aṅgārasadisa is conventional and is used both by Buddhaghosa and Dhammapāla: As 317 and Pv-a 90. 1. Kāḷa, dark, black, etc., in enumeration of colours Vv 22 1 (see Vv-a 111). na kāḷo samaṇo Gotamo, na pi sāmo: maṅgura-cchavi samano G. "The ascetic Gotamo is neither black nor brown: he is of a golden skin" M I 246; similarly as kāḷī vā sāmā vā maṅgura-cchavī vā of a kalyāṇī, a beautiful woman at D I 193 = {189} M II 40; kāḷa-sāma at Vin IV 120 is to be taken as dark-grey. — Of the dark half of the month: see °pakkha, or as the new moon: āgame kāḷe "on the next new moon day" Vin I 176. — of petas: Pv II 4 1 (kāḷī feminine); Pv-a 56 1 (°rūpa); of the dog of Yama (°sunakha) Pv-a 151. — In other connection: kāḷavaṇṇa-bhūmi darkbrown (i.e. fertile) soil Vin I 48 = II 209. -añjana black collyrium Vin I 203; -ānusārī black, (polished?) Anusāri ("a kind of dark, fragrant sandal wood" Vinaya Texts II 51) Vin I 203; S III 156 = V 44 = A V 22; -ayasa black (dark) iron (to distinguish it from bronze, Rh.D., Q.K.M. II 364; cf. blacksmith > silversmith) Miln 414, 415; -kañjaka a kind of Asuras, Titans D III 7; Ja V 187; Pv-a 272; -kaṇṇī "black-eared," as an unlucky quality. Cp III 6, 11; Ja I 239; IV 189; V 134, 211; VI 347; Dhp-a I 307; II 26; the vision of the "black-eared" is a bad omen, which spoils the luck of a hunter, e.g. at Dhp-a III 31 (referring here to the sight of a bhikkhu); as "witch" Pv-a 272; Dhp-a III 38, 181; as k.-k. sakuṇa, a bird of ill omen Ja II 153; -kaṇṇika = preceding; -kabara spotted, freckled Ja VI 540; -keṣa (adjective) with glossy or shiny hair, by itself (kāḷa-keṣa) rare, e.g. at Ja VI 578; usually in compound susukāḷa-keṣa "having an over-abundance of brilliant hair" said of Gotama. This was afterwards applied figuratively in the description of his parting from home, rising to a new life, as it were, possessed of the full strength and vigour of his manhood (as the rising Sun). Cf. the Shamash-Saga, which attributes to the Sun a wealth of shiny, glossy (= polished, dark) hair (= rays), and kāḷa in this connection is to be interpreted just as kaṇha (q.v.) in similar combinations (e.g. as Kr̥ṣṇa Hr̥ṣīkāsa or Keśavā). On this feature of the Sun-god and various expressions of it see ample material in Palmer, The Samson Saga past participle 33-46. — The double application of su° does not offer any difficulty, sukāḷa is felt as a simplex in the same way as ε∞πλοκαμός or duḥ° in combinations like sudubbala Pv-a 149, sudullabha Vv-a 20. Buddhaghosa already interprets the compound in this way (Sv I 284 = suṭṭhu-k°, añjana-vaṇṇa k° va hutvā; cf. kaṇh-añjana Ja V 155). Cf. also siniddha-nīla-mudu-kuñcita-keso Ja I 89, and sukaṇhakaṇha Ja V 202.- susukāḷakesa of others than the Buddha: M II 66. Modern editors and lexicographers see in susu° the Sanskrit śiśu young of an animal, cub, overlooking the semantical difficulty involved by taking it as a separate word. This mistake has been applied to the compound at all the passages where it is found, and so we find the reading susu kāḷakeso at M I 82 = A II 22 = Ja II 57; M I 163 = A I 68 = S I 9, 117; also in Childers' (relying on Burnouf), or even susū k° at S IV 111; the only passages showing the right reading susu-k° are D I 115, M I 463. Konow under susu JPTS 1909, 212 has both; -kokila the black (brown) cuckoo Vv-a 57; -jallika (kāḷi° for kāḷa°) having black drops or specks (of dirt) A I 253; -daṇḍa a black staff, Saddh 287 (attribute to the messengers of Yama, cf. Yama as having a black stick at ŚBr xi. 6, 1, 7 and 13); -pakkha the dark side, i.e. moonless fortnight of the month A II 18; °°cātuddasī the 14th day of the dark fortnight Pv-a 55; °°ratti a moonless night Vv-a 167; (opposite dosina r.) -meyya a sort of bird Ja VI 539; -loṇa black (dark) salt Vin I 202 (Buddhaghosa pakati-loṇa, natural salt); -loha "black metal," iron ore Miln 267; -valli a kind of creeper Vism 36, 183; -sīha a special kind of lion Ja IV 208; -sutta a black thread or wire, a carpenter's measuring line Ja II 405; Miln 413; also name of a Hell (Niraya) Ja V 266. See Morris JPTS 1884, 76-78; -hatthin "black elephant," an instrument of torture in Avīci Saddh 195. 2. Kāla time, etc. (a) Morning: kāle early Pv II 9 41 (= pāto Pv-a 128), kālassa in the morning (genitive of time), early Vv-a 256. Cf. paccūsa-kāle at dawn Dhp-a III 242. Opposed to evening or night in kāḷena in the morning Pv I 6 3 (opposite sāyaṃ). Kāle juṇhe by day and by night Nidd II §631. (b) time in general: gacchante gacchante kāle in course of time Dhp-a I 319; evaṃ gacchante kāle as time went on Pv-a 54, 75, 127, etc. — kālaṃ for a time Vin I 176 (spelt kāḷaṃ); kañci kālaṃ some time yet Vv-a 288; ettakaṃ kālaṃ for a long time Pv-a 102. — kālena kālaṃ (1) from time to time Pv-a 151; Vv-a 255, 276; (2) continuously, constantly A IV 45; Pp 11 (+ samayena samayaṃ); D I 74 (but explained at Sv I 218 by kāle kāle in the sense of "every fortnight or every ten days"). kāle in (all) time, always (cf. αἰεί Snp 73 (explained in Nidd II by niccakāle under sadā; but at Pj II 128 by phāsu-kālena "in good time"); — kāle kāle from time to time, or repeatedly Vv-a 352. [Ed.: time after time; time and time again] See also cira°, sabba°. (c) Time in specific, either (1) appointed time, date, fixed time, or (2) suitable time, proper time, good time, opportunity. Cf. Greek καιρίς and ὦρα; or (3) time of death, death. 1. Mealtime: Pv-a 25; Vv-a 6; especially in phrase kālo bho Gotamo, niṭṭhitaṃ bhattaṃ "it is time, Gotama, the meal is ready" D I 119 = 226; Snp page 111; and in kālaṃ āroceti or ārocāpeti he announces the time (for dinner) D I 109, 226; Snp page 111; Pv-a 22, 141; Vv-a 173. — date: kālato from the date or day of ..., e.g. diṭṭha° paṭṭhāya "from the day that she first saw her" Vv-a 206; gihī° paṭṭhāya "from the day of being a layman" Pv-a 13. 2. proper time, right time: also season, as in utu° favourable time (of the year) Vin I 299; II 173; kālaṃ jānāti "he knows the proper time" A IV 114; as cattāro kālā, four opportunities A II 140; yassa kālaṃ maññasi for what you think it is time (to go), i.e. goodbye D I 106, 189, etc. The 3 times of the cycle of existence are given at Vism 578 as past, present, and future. [Ed.: always past, future, present] — kāla° (adjective) in (due) time, timely Vism 229 (°maraṇa timely death). — Opposite akāla (it is the) wrong time or inopportune D I 205; akāla-cārin going (begging) at the improper time Snp 386. akālamegha a cloud arising unexpectedly (at the wrong time) Miln 144. — kāle at the proper time, with vikāle (opposite) Vin I 199, 200; Ja II 133; Snp 386. akāle in the wrong season Vv-a 288. kālena in proper time, at the right moment A II 140; Snp 326, 387 (= yutta kālena Pj II 374); Pv I 5 3 (= ṭhitakālena Pv-a 26); Pp 50; It 42; Pj I 144 (= khaṇena samayena). Cf. vikāla. 3. The day, as appointed by fate or kamma, point of time (for death, cf. Vism 236), the "last hour," cf. ἠμαρ, illa dies. So in the meaning of death applied not only to this earthly existence, but to all others (peta°, deva°, etc.) as well, in phrase kālaṃ karoti "he does his time = he has fulfilled his time" Vin III 80; Snp 343, Dhp-a I 70; and frequently elsewhere; cf. °kata, °kiriyā. — As death in kālaṃ kaṅkhati to await the appointed time S I 187; Snp 516 (cf. kaṅkhati) and in derivative kālika. — Other examples for this use of kāla see under bhatta°, yañña°, vappa°. -antara interval, period: kālantarena in a little while Pv-a 13; na kālantare at once Pv-a 19; -kata (adjective) dead Snp 586, 590; in combination petā kāḷakatā "the petas who have fulfilled their (earthly) time Snp 807; Pv I 5 7 ; I 121. Also as kālaṅkata Pv II 7 9 ; Vv 80 9 ; Vism 296. {212} -kiriyā death (often combined with maraṇa) M II 108; A I 22, 77, 261 (as bhaddikā, cf. A III 293); IV 320; Snp 694; Pv I 10 12 (of a petī who has come to the end of her existence); Dhp-a II 36; IV 77; -gata = °kata Pv-a 29, 40; -ññū knowing the proper time for ... (with dative or locative) Snp 325; described at A IV 113 f.; as one of the five qualities of a rājā cakkavattī (viz. atthaññū, dhamma°, matta°, k°, parisa°) A III 148; one of the seven qualities of a sappurisa, a good man (= preceding + atta°, puggala°) D III 252, 283; as quality of the Tathāgata D III 134 = Nidd II §276; Pp 50; -ññutā noun abstract to preceding A II 101; °(p)pavedana announcement of death (°time) Thag 563 = Ja I 118 = Vism 389 = Dhp-a I 248; -bhojana in a° eating at the improper time S V 470; -vādin speaking at the proper time, in formula kāla° bhūta° attha° dhamma° vinaya° under sīla No. 7: D I 4; III 175; Sv I 76; A II 22, 209; Pp 58; -vipassin considering the right moment, taking the opportunity It 41; -sataṃ (°sahassaṃ, etc.) a hundred (thousand, etc.) times Vism 243.
1 kāla ( adj. , black , as in Skt. ), ( 1 ) ( m. ? = kālaka 3, which is more usual in this sense and which see), black-head, pimple : Mvy 309 vyapagata-tilaka-kāla-gātra, one of the anuvyañjana; so Kyōtō ed. , but Mironov °kālaka°; ( 2 ) n. of some plant: sayyathāpi nāma kālaparvāṇi vā ( v.l. adds aśitaparvāṇi vā) evam eva me aṅgāni abhūnsuḥ Mv ii.125.12 , and similarly 126.17 ; 128.5 ; 129.7 ; see discussion s.v. āśītakī ; in parallel LV 254.8 kālāparvāṇi (but most mss. omit), which agrees with the corresp. Pali text kālāpabbāni MN i.80.12 ; 245.27 , but the comm. on the former reads kāḷa-pabbāni (as in Mv !) and repeats the same form in its gloss (kāḷavalliyā vā saṃdhiṭṭhānesu); it may mean the same plant designated as kālā in Skt. (and Pali ); ( 3 ) (= Pali Kāḷa, Mahākāḷa; cf. Kālaka 4 and Kālika ) n. of a nāga king, who came in contact with the Bodhisattva shortly before he reached the bodhitree: Mv ii.265.7 ff. ; 302.14 ; 304.5 ; 308.4 ; 397.9 ff. ; 400.10 ff. ; after the enlightenment he saluted the Buddha and invited him to his home, where B. spent the fourth week after the enlightenment, Mv iii.300.10 ff. ; mentioned Mvy 3251 ; Māy 221.29 ; ( 4 ) n. of a yakṣa: Māy 7 ; 236.10 ; ( 5 ) apparently n. of Asita, or epithet given him (synonym in literal mg. ), see Asita (2): Mv ii.37.13 ; ( 6 ) n. of a disciple of Buddha (doubtless intends one of the several disciples named Kāḷa in Pali ): SP 207.3 ; ( 7 ) n. of a minister of Māra: Mv ii.409.19 ; ( 8 ) n. of a brother of King Prasenajit ( cf. Gaṇḍaka 3): Divy 153.21 ff. ; 160.5 ; ( 9 ) n. of a mountain, perhaps = Kāla-parvata (?), q.v. : Kv 91.13 Kāla-mahākālau parvatarājānau.
2 kāla , m. (as in Skt. time, death , etc. ) ( 1 ) day , opp. to night, see s.v. akāla ; cf. Pali kāla, PTSD s.v. 2(a), kāle juṇhe, by day and by night ; ( 2 ) kālena kālaṃ, adverbial phrase, ( a ) from time to time (so Pali , see Childers s.v. kālo): SP 225.5 (or under b?); 276.7, 10 ; Mv iii.154.14 (or under b?); Av i.241.9 ; Divy 10.27 (or under b?); Suv 94.3 (or under b?); ( b ) day in and day out, continuously : LV 100.13 ; Divy 62.10 ; 71.5 ; 298.25 ; Kv 28.14 ; Bbh 239.21, 23 ; 362.16, 19, 23 ; and perhaps in some cases noted under a, above; ( 3 ) time for functioning : Mv iii.222.12 āryo khalv asmākaṃ govindo bhartā bhartṛ-kāle (? mss. bharte°, bhartta°) sakhā sakhi-kāle (? mss. sakha°, sakhī°), to us, you see, G. (our husband) is a husband at the time for (functioning as) a husband, a friend at the time for a friend (said by his wives in proposing to follow him into [Page180-a] the ascetic life); see also Mv ii.131.11 cited s.v. nāganadī ; ( 4 ) yaṃ kālaṃ, adverbial phrase, quasi- conj. , what time, when (relative): Mv ii.210.14 ; iii.144.13, 15 ; 145.7 ; 272.9 ( v.l. yat k°); yatra kālaṃ, id. , Mv iii.295.13, 15, 16 ; ( 5 ) phrase, yasya kālaṃ manyasi, or manyatha (= Pali yassa kālaṃ maññasi), as you think fit , in assenting to a proposal: Mv iii.210.9 (yasya ca k°, with mss. ); 222.15 (yasya dāni k°); yasyedānīṃ kālaṃ manyase, id. , Mmk 2.17—8 ; 73.19 .
time; a fixed point of time; a period of time; time of day; time of year; time (as past, present or future); grammatical time, the time of the action of a verb; tense; a particular time; an appointed time; especially the time for a meal (morning and evening, or, for bhikkhus, morning); the morning; the proper time for (genitive, dative, infinitive, or yaṁ + opt.); the right time; a suitable time; time as lifetime; time as destroyer; death; (adjective) black; dark; (masculine) the dark half of the month, the dark fortnight (when the moon is on the wane)
【陽】 時間。kālass’eva, 早的。kālena, 在適當的時間，在正確的片刻。kālena kālaṃ, 偶爾。kālaṃ karoti, 死。~kata,【過分】 已死。~kiriyā,【陰】 死亡。~kaṇṇī,【陽】 不幸的人，可憐的人。~pavedana,【中】 時間的公 告。~vādī,【形】 在適當的時間說。
<b> <c c="#a00149">Kāla</c> </b> <br>A Pacceka Buddha, mentioned in a list of Pacceka Buddhas. <c c="#3b6bd3">MN.iii.70</c> <br> <br> </deftext>
(masc, masc) time; occasion (for) time Construction: √kal > kāl + *a
(masc, masc) suitable time; appropriate occasion; right time [lit.] time Construction: √kal > kāl + *a
(masc, masc) (gram) tense; mood [lit.] time Construction: √kal > kāl + *a
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