neuter · kamma 1 · kamma 2
deed
Kamma (neuter) [Vedic karman, work especially sacrificial process. For ending °man = Indo-Germanic °men cf. Sanskrit dhāman = Greek δἓμα, Sanskrit nāman = Lat nomen] the doing, deed, work; original meaning (see karoti) either building (cf. Lithuanian kùrti, Opr. kūra to build) or weaving, plaiting (still in mālākamma and latā° "the intertwining of garlands and creepers"; also in kamma-kara possibly originally employed in weaving, i.e. serving); cf. Latin texo, to weave = Sanskrit takāsan builder, artisan, and German wirken, original weben. Grammatically karman has in Pāli almost altogether passed into the °a declention, the consonant forms for instrumental and ablative kammā and kammanā genitive dative kammuno, are rare. The nominative plural is both kammā and kammāni. I. Crude meaning. 1. (literal) Acting in a special sense, i.e. office, occupation, doing, action, profession. Two kinds are given at Vin IV 6, viz. low (hīna) and high (ukkaṭṭha) professions. To the former belong the kammāni of a koṭṭhaka and a pupphacchaḍḍaka, to the latter belong vāṇijjā and gorakkhā. — Kamma as a profession or business is regarded as a hindrance to the religious life, and is counted among the ten obstacles (see palibodha). In this sense it is at Vism 94 explained by navakamma (see below 2a). — kassa° ploughing, occupation of a ploughman Vism 284; kumbhakāra° profession of a potter Ja VI 372; tunna° weaving Vism 122; Pv-a 161. purohita° office of a high-priest (= abstract noun porohiccaṃ) Pj II 466; vāṇija° trade Sās 40. — kammanā by profession Snp 650, 651; kammāni (plural) occupations Snp 263 = Khp V 6 (anavajjāni k. = anākulā kammantā Snp 262). paresaṃ k°ṃ katvā doing other people's work = being a servant Vv-a 299; sa°-pasutā bent upon their own occupations D I 135, cf. attano kamma kubbānaṃ Dhp 217. kamma-karaṇa-sālā workroom (here: weaving shed) Pv-a 120. 2. Acting in general, action, deed, doing (nearly always —°) (a) (active) act, deed, job, often to be rendered by the special verb befitting the special action, like cīvara° mending the cloak Vv-a 250; uposatha° observing the Sabbath Vibh 422; nava° making new, renovating, repairing, patching Vin II 119, 159 (°karoti to make repairs); Ja I 92: Vism 94, adjective navakammika one occupied with repairs Vin II 15; S I 179; patthita° the desired action (i.e. sexual intercourse) Dhp-a II 49; kammaṃ karoti to be active or in working, to act: nāgo pādehi k.k. the elephant works with his feet M I 414; kata° the job done by the thieves Dhp-a II 38 (corehi), as adjective kata° cora (and akata °cora) a thief who has finished his deed (and one who has not) Vism 180. Also in special sense: occasion for action or work, i.e. necessity, purpose: ukkāya kammaṃ n'atthi, the torch does not work, is no good Vism 428. (b) (passive) the act of being done (—°), anything done (in its result), work, often as collective abstract (to be translated by English ending °ing): apaccakkha° not being aware, deception Vibh 85; daḷhī° strengthening, increase Vibh 357, Vism 122; citta° variegated work, mālā° garlands, latā° creeper(-work) Vism 108; nāma° naming Abhidh-av 83; pañhā° questioning, "questionnaire" Vism 6. — So in definitions niṭṭhuriya° = niṭṭhuriya Vibh 357; nimitta° = nimitta, obhāsa° = obhāsa (apparition > appearing) Vibh 353. (c) (intransitive) making, getting, act, process (—°). Often translated as abstract noun with ending °ion or °ment, e.g. okāsa° opportunity of speaking, giving an audience Snp page 94; pātu° making clear, manifestation Dhp-a IV 198 anāvi°, anuttāni° concealment Vibh 358; kata° (adjective) one who has done the act or process, gone through the experience Pj II 355; añjali°, sāmīci° veneration, honouring (in formula with nipaccakāra abhivādana paccuṭṭhāna) D III 83 (≈ Vin II 162, 255); A I 123; II 180; Ja I 218, 219. 3. (Specialised) an "act" in an ecclesiastical sense; proceedings, ceremony, performed by a lawfully constituted chapter of bhikkhus Vin I 49, 53, 144, 318; II 70, 93; V 220 f.; Khuddas JPTS 1883, 101. At these formal functions a motion is put before the assembly and the announcement of it is called the ñatti Vin I 56, after which the bhikkhus are asked whether they approve of the motion or not. If this question is put once, it is a ñattidutiyakamma Vin II 89; if put three times, a ñatticatuttha° Vin I 56 (cf. Vinaya Texts I 169 note 2). There are 6 kinds of official acts the Saṅgha can perform: see Vin I 317 f.; for the rules about the validity of these ecclesiastical functions see Vin I 312-333 (cf. Vinaya Texts II 256-285). The most important ecclesiastical acts are: apalokanakamma, ukkhepanīya° uposatha° tajjaniya° tassapāpiyyasikā° nissaya°, patiññākaraṇīya°, paṭipucchākaraṇīya° paṭisāraṇiya° pabbājaniya°, sammukhākaraṇīya°. — In this sense: kammaṃ karoti (with genitive) to take proceedings against Vin I 49, 143, 317; II 83, 260; kammaṃ garahati to find fault with proceedings gone through Vin II 5; kammaṃ paṭippassambheti to revoke official proceedings against a bhikkhu Vin I 7. 4. In compounds:- -ādhiṭṭhāyaka superintendent of work, inspector Mhv 5, 174; 30, 98; -ādhipateyya one whose supremacy is action Miln 288; -ārambha commencement of an undertaking Mhv 28, 21; -āraha (a) entitled to take part in the performance of an "act" Vin IV 153; V 221; -ārāma (a) delighting in activity D II 77; A IV 22; It 71, 79; -ārāmatā taking pleasure in (worldly) activity D II 78 = A IV 22, cf. Vibh 381; A III 116, 173, 293 f., 330, 449; IV 22 f., 331; V 163; It 71; -āvadāna a tale of heroic deeds Ja VI 295; -kara or °kāra: used indiscriminately.1. (adjective) doing work, or active, in puriso dāso + pubbuṭṭhāyī "willing to work" D I 60 (= Sv I 168: analaso). A I 145; II 67; Vv 75 4 ;2. (noun) a workman, a servant (a weaver?) usually in form dāsā ti vā pessā ti vā kammakarā ti vā Vin I 243; D I 141 = Pp 56 (also °kārā); A II 208; {170} III 77, 172; Thig 340; Ja I 57. Also as dāsā pessā k.-kārā A III 37 = IV 265, 393, and dāsā k.-kārā Vin I 240, 272; II 154; D III 191; S I 92; — a handyman Ja I 239; Miln 378; (feminine) °ī a female servant Vin II 267; °kāra Vin IV 224, °kārī As 98 = Vv-a 73 (applied to a wife); -karaṇa 1. working, labour, service Ja III 219; Pv-a 120; Sv I 168;2. the effects of karma Ja I 146; -karanā and °kāraṇā see below; -kāma liking work, industrious; a° lazy A IV 93 = Ja II 348; -kāraka a workman, a servant Sv I 8; Mhv 30, 42; Nidd II §427; a sailor Ja IV 139; -garu bent on work Miln 288; -ccheda the interruption of work Ja I 149; 246; III 270; -jāta sort of action Ja V 24 (= kammam eva); -dhura (masculine neuter) draught-work Ja I 196; -dheyya work to be performed, duty A IV 285 = 325; cf. Ja VI 297; -dhoreyya "fit to bear the burden of action" Miln 288 (cf. Q.K.M. II 140); -niketavā having action as one's house or temple ibid.; -nipphādana accomplishing the business Ja VI 162; -ppatta entitled to take part in an ecclesiastical act Vin I 318; V 221; -bahula abounding in action (applied to the world of men) Miln 7; -mūla the price of the transaction Miln 334; -rata delighting in business D II 78; It 71; -vatthu objects, items of an act Vin V 116; -vācā the text or word of an official act. These texts form some of the oldest literature and are embodied in the Vinaya (cf. Vin I 317 f.; III 174, 176; IV 153, etc.). The number of officially recognized k° is eleven, see JPTS 1882, 1888, 1896, 1907; k°ṃ karoti to carry out an official act Mhv 5, 207; As 399; — k°ṃ anussāveti to proclaim a k°, to put a resolution to a chapter of bhikkhus Vin I 317; -vossagga difference of occupation Ja VI 216; -sajja "ready for action," i.e. for battle Ja V 232; -sādutā "agreeableness to work" As 151 (cf. kammaññatā and kamyatā); -sāmin "a master in action," an active man Miln 288; -sippī an artisan Vv-a 278; -sīla one whose habit it is {191} to work, energetic, persevering Miln 288; a° indolent, lazy Ja VI 245; a°-taṃ indolence, laziness Mhv 23, 21; -hīna devoid of occupation, inactive Miln 288. II. Applied (pregnant) meaning: doing, acting with reference to both deed and doer. It is impossible to draw a clear line between the source of the act (i.e. the acting subject, the actor) and the act (either the object or phenomenon acted, produced, i.e. the deed as objective phenomenon, or the process of acting, i.e. the deed as subjective phenomenon). Since the latter (the act) is to be judged by its consequences, its effects, its manifestation always assumes a quality (in its most obvious characteristics either good or bad or indifferent), and since the act reflects on the actor, this quality is also attached to him. This is the popular, psychological view, and so it is expressed in language, although reason attributes goodness and badness to the actor first, and then to the act. In the expression of language there is no difference between: 1. the deed as such and the doer in character: anything done (as good or bad) has a corresponding source; 2. the performance of the single act and the habit of acting: anything done tends to be repeated; 3. the deed with reference both to its cause and its effect: anything done is caused and is in itself the cause of something else. As meanings of kamma we therefore have to distinguish the following different sides of a "deed," viz. 1. the deed as expressing the doer's will, i.e. qualified deed, good or bad; 2. the repeated deed as expression of the doer's habit = his character; 3. the deed as having consequences for the doer, as such a source qualified according to good and evil; as deed done accumulated and forming a deposit of the doer's merit and demerit (his "karma"). Thus pāpakamma = a bad deed, one who has done a bad deed, one who has a bad character, the potential effect of a bad deed = bad karma. The context alone decides which of these meanings is the one intended by the speaker or writer. Concerning the analysis of the various semantic developments the following practical distinctions can be made: 1. Objective action, characterized by time: as past = done, meaning deed (with kata); or future = to be done, meaning duty (with kātabba). 2. Subjective action, characterized by quality, as reflecting on the agent 3. Interaction of act and agent: (a) in subjective relation, cause and effect as action and reaction on the individual (individual "karma," appearing in his life, either here or beyond), characterized as regards action (having results) and as regards actor (having to cope with these results): (b) in objective relation, i.e. abstracted from the individual and generalized as principle, or cause and effect as norm of happening (universal "karma," appearing in saṃsāra, as driving power of the world), characterized (a) as cause, (b) as consequence, (c) as cause-consequence in the principle of retribution (talio), (d) as restricted to time. 1. (Objective): with reference to the past: kiṃ kammaṃ akāsi nārī what (deed) has this woman done? Pv I 9 2 ; tassā katakammaṃ pucchi he asked what had been done by her Pv-a 37, 83, etc. — with reference to the future: k. kātabbaṃ hoti I have an obligation, under 8 kusītavatthūni D III 255 = A IV 332; cattāri kammāni kattā hoti "he performs the 4 obligations" (of gahapati) A II 67. 2. (Subjective) (a) doing in general, acting, action, deed; various kinds of doings enumerated under micchājīva D I 12 (santikamma, paṇidhi°, etc.); tassa kammassa katattā through (the performance of) that deed D III 156; dukkaraṃ kamma-kubbataṃ he who of those who act, acts badly S I 19; abhabbo taṃ kammaṃ kātum incapable of doing that deed S III 225; sañcetanika k. deed done intentionally M III 207; A V 292 f.; pamāṇakataṃ k. D I 251 = S IV 322. kataraṃ kammaṃ karonto ahaṃ Nirayaṃ na gaccheyyaṃ? how (i.e. what doing) shall I not go to Niraya? Ja IV 340; yaṃ kiñci sithilaṃ k°ṃ ... na taṃ hoti mahapphalaṃ ... S I 49 = Dhp 312 = Thag 277; kadariya° a stingy action Pv-a 25; k. classed with sippa, vijjā-caraṇa D III 156; kāni k°āni sammā-niviṭṭha established properly in what doings? Snp 324; (b) Repeated action in general, constituting a person's habit of acting or character (cf. kata II 1. a.); action as reflecting on the agent or bearing his characteristics; disposition, character. Especially in phrase kammena samannāgata "endowed with the quality of acting in such and such a manner, being of such and such character": tīhi dhammehi samannāgato Niraye nikkhitto "endowed with (these) three qualites a man will go to Niraya" A I 292 f.; asucinā kāyak°ena sam° asucimanussā "bad people are those who are of bad ways (or character)" Nidd II §112; anavajja kāya-k° sam° A II 69 (cf. A IV 364); kāya-kammavacī-kammena sam° kusalena (pabbajita) "a bhikkhu of good character in deed and speech" D I 63; kāya ... (etc.) — k°sam° bāla (and opposite paṇḍita) A II 252 (cf. A I 102, 104); visamena kāya (etc.) °k° sam° A I 154 = III 129; sāvajjena kāya (etc.) — k° sam° A II 135 — kammaṃ vijjā ca dhammo ca sīlaṃ jīvitam uttamaṃ, etena maccā sujjhanti, na gottena dhanena vā S I 34 = 55; M III 262, quoted at Vism 3, where k. is grouped with vipassanā, jhāna, sīla, satipaṭṭhāna as main ideals of virtue; kammanā by character, as opposed to jaccā or jātiyā, by birth: Snp 136; 164; 599; nihīna° manussā (of bad, wretched character) Snp 661; manāpena bahulaṃ kāya-kammena A II 87 = III 33, 131; and especially with mettā, as enumerated under aparihāniyā and sārāṇīyā dhammā D II 80; A III 288; mettena kāya- (etc.)-kammena D II 144; III 191; A V 350 f. (c) Particular actions, as manifested in various ways, by various channels of activity (k°-dvārā), expressions of personality, as by deed, word and thought (kāyena, vācāya, manasā). Kamma κατ'ἐξοχἠν means action by hand (body) in formula vacasā manasā kammanā ca Snp 330, 365; later specified by kāya-kamma, for which kāya-kammanta in some sense (q.v.), and complementing vacī-k° mano-k°; so in following combinations: citte arakkhite kāya-k° pi arakkhitaṃ hoti (vacī° mano°) A I 261 f.; yaṃ nu kho ahaṃ idaṃ kāyena k° kattukāmo idaṃ me kāya-k° attabyādhāya pi saṃvatteyya ... "whatever deed I am going to do with my hands (I have to {171} consider:) is this deed, done by my hands, likely to bring me evil?" M I 415; kāya-(vacī- etc.) kamma, which to perform and to leave (sevitabbaṃ and a°) A I 110 = III 150; as anulomika° A I 106; sabbaṃ kāya-k° (vacī° mano°) Buddhassa ñāṇānuparivattati "all manifestation of deed (word and thought) are within the knowledge of Buddha" Nidd II §235; yaṃ lobhapakataṃ kammaṃ karoti kāyena vā vācāya vā manasā vā tassa vipākaṃ anubhoti ... Nett 37; kin nu kāyena v° m° dukkaṭaṃ kataṃ what evil have you done by body, word or thought? Pv II 1 3 and frequent; ekūna-tiṃsa kāyakammāni Abhidh-av 49. (d) Deeds characterized as evil (pāpa-kammāni, pāpāni k°, pāpakāni k°; pāpakamma adjective, cf. pāpa-kammanta adjective). pāpakamma: n'atthi loke raho nāma p° pakubbato "there is no hiding(-place) in this world for him who does evil" A I 149; so p°-o dummedho jānaṃ dukkaṭaṃ attano ... "he, afflicted with (the result of) evil-doing ..." A III 354; p°-ṃ pavaḍḍhento ibid.; yaṃ p°-ṃ kataṃ sabban taṃ idha vedanīyaṃ "whatever wrong I have done I have to suffer for" A V 301; pabbajitvāna kāyena p°-ṃ vivajjayī "avoid evil acting" Snp 407; nissaṃsayaṃ p°-ṃ ... "undoubtedly there is some evil deed (the cause of this) i.e. some evil karma Pv IV 16 1 . — pāpaṃ kammaṃ: appamattikam pi p. k. kataṃ taṃ enaṃ Nirayaṃ upaneti "even a small sin brings man to Niraya" A I 249, tayā v'etaṃ p. k. kataṃ tvañ ñeva etassa vipākaṃ paṭisaṃvedissasi "you yourself have done this sin you yourself shall feel its consequences" M III 180 = A I 139, na hi p. kataṃ k. sajju khīraṃ va muccati Dhp 71 = Nett 161; yassa p. kataṃ k. kusalena pithīyati {192} so imaṃ lokaṃ pabhāseti "he will shine in this world who covers an evil deed with a good one" M II 104 = Dhp 173 = Thag 872; p.-ssa k.-ssa samatikkamo "the overcoming of evil karma" S IV 320; p.ssa k.ssa kiriyāya "in the performance of evil" M I 372; p°-āni k°-āni karaṃ bālo na bujjhati "he, like a fool, awaketh not, doing sinful deeds" Dhp 136 = Thag 146; pāpā p.-ehi k.-ehi Nirayaṃ upapajjare "sinners by virtue of evil deeds go to N." Dhp 307; te ca p.-esu k.-esu abhiṇham upadissare Snp 140. — pāpakāni kammāni: p.-ānaṃ k.-ānaṃ hetu coraṃ rājāno gāhetvā vividhā kammakāraṇā kārenti "for his evil deeds the kings seize the thief and have him punished" A I 48; ye loke p.-āni k. karonti te vividhā kamma-kāraṇā karīyanti "those who do evil deeds in this world, are punished with various punishments" M III 186 = A I 142; k°-ṃ karoti p°-ṃ kāyena vācā uda cetasā vā Snp 232 (= Pj I 190); similarly Snp 127; karontā p°-ṃ k°-ṃ yaṃ hoti kaṭukapphalaṃ, "doing evil which is of bitter fruit" Dhp 66 = S I 57 = Nett 131; k°-ehi p°-ehi Snp 215. — In the same sense: na taṃ k°-ṃ kataṃ sādhu yaṃ katvā anutappati "not well done is that deed for which he feels remorse" S I 57 = Dhp 67 = Nett 132; āveni-kammāni karonti (with reference to saṅgha-bheda) A V 74; adhammikakammāni A I 74; asuci-k°āni (as suggested by 5 and attributes: asuci, duggandha, etc.) A III 269; sāvajjakammāni (as deserving Niraya) (opposite avajja > sagga) A II 237; kammāni ānantarikāni deeds which have an immediate effect; there are five, enumerated at Vibh 378. (e) deeds characterized as good or meritorious (kusala, bhaddaka, etc.) taṃ k°-ṃ katvā kusalaṃ sukhudrayaṃ D III 157; puñña-kammo of meritorious (character) S I 143; kṣalehi k°-ehi vippayuttā carati viññāṇacariyā Paṭis I 80; kusalassa k°-ssa katattā Vibh 173 f.; 266 f.; 297 f.; kusala-k°-paccayāni Abhidh-av 12; puññakamma, merit, compared with kapparukkha in its rewarding power Vv-a 32 (cf. puññānubhāva-nissandena "in consequence of their being affected with merit" Pv-a 58) — Cf. also compounds: kamma-kilesa, k°-ṭṭhāna, k°-patha; k°-lakkhaṇa k°-samādāna. 3. (Interaction) A. in subjective relation; (a) character of interaction as regards action; action or deed as having results: phala and vipāka (fruit and maturing); both expressions being used either singly or jointly, either °- or independent; phala: tassa mayhaṃ atīte katassa kammassa phalaṃ "the fruit of a deed done by me in former times" Thig-a 270; Vv 47 9 (= Vv-a 202); desanā ... k°-phalaṃ paccakkhakāriṇī "an instruction demonstrating the fruit of action" Pv-a 1; similarly Pv-a 2; cf. also ibid. 26, 49, 52, 82 (v.l. for kammabala). vipāka: yassa k°ssa vipākena ... Niraye pacceyyāsi ... "through the ripening of whatever deed will you be matured (i.e. tortured) in Niraya" M II 104; tassa k°ssa vipākena saggaṃ lokaṃ uppajji "by the result of that deed he went to heaven" S I 92; II 255; k°-vipāka-kovida "well aware of the fruit of action," i.e. of retribution Snp 653; kissa k°-vipākena "through the result of what (action)" Pv I 6 5 ; iminā asubhena k°-vipākena Nett 160; k°-vipāka with reference to avyākata-dhammā: Vibh 182; with reference to jhāna ibid. 268, 281; with reference to dukkha ibid. 106; k°-vipāka-ja produced by the maturing of (some evil) action, as one kind of ābādha, illness: A V 110 = Nidd II §304 I C; same as result of good action, as one kind of iddhi (supernatural power) Paṭis II 174; — vipāka (adjective). asakkaccakatānaṃ kammānaṃ vipāko the reaper of careless deeds A IV 393; derived vepakka (adjective) in dukkha-vepakka resulting in pain Snp 537. — phala + vipāka: frequent in formation sukaṭa-dukkhaṭānaṃ kammānaṃ phalaṃ vipāko: D I 55 = III 264 = M I 401 = S IV 348 = A I 268 = IV 226 = V 265, 286 f.; cf. JPTS 1883, 8; nissanda-phalabhūto vipāko Thig-a 270; tiṇṇaṃ k°-ānaṃ phalaṃ, tiṇṇaṃ k°-ānaṃ vipāko D II 186 — (b) the effect of the deed on the doer: the consequences fall upon the doer, in the majority of cases expressed as punishment or affliction: yathā yathā'yaṃ puriso kammaṃ karoti tathā tathā taṃ paṭisaṃvedissati "in whichever way this man does a deed, in the same way he will experience it (in its effect)" A I 249; na vijjati so jagati-ppadeso yathā ṭhito muñceyya pāpa-kammā "there is no place in the world where you could escape the consequences of evildoing" Dhp 127 = Miln 150 = Pv-a 104, cf. Divy 532; so the action is represented as vedaniya, to be felt; in various combinations: in this world or the future state, as good or bad, as much or little A IV 382; the agent is represented as the inheritor, possessor, of (the results of) his action in the old formula: kammassakā sattā k.-dāyādā k.-yonī k.-bandhū ... yaṃ k°ṃ karonti kalyānaṃ vā pāpakaṃ vā tassa dāyādā bhavanti M III 203 = A III 72 f. = 186 = V 88 ≈ 288 f. (see also compounds). The punishment is expressed by kammakaraṇa (or °kāraṇa), "being done back with the deed," or the reaction of the deed, in phrase kamma-karaṇaṃ kāreti or kārāpeti "he causes the reaction of the deed to take place" and passive kamma-karaṇā karīyati he is afflicted with the reaction, i.e. the punishment of his doing. The 5 main punishments in Niraya see under kāraṇaṃ, the usual punishments (beating with whips, etc.) are enumerated passim , e.g. M III 164, 181; and Nidd II §604. [As regards form and meaning Morris JPTS 1884, 76 and 1893, 15 proposes kāraṇā feminine "pain, punishment," from kr̥̥ to tear or injure, "the pains of karma, or torture"; Prof. Duroiselle follows him, but with no special reason: the derivation as neuter causative-abstract from karoti presents no difficulty.] — ye kira bho pāpakāni k°-āni karonti te diṭṭh'eva dhamme evarūpā vividhā k°-kāraṇā karīyanti, kim aṅga pana parattha! "Those who, as you know, do evil are punished with various tortures even in this world, how much more then in the world to come!" M III 181; M III 186 = A I 142; cf. k°-kāraṇāni kārenti (v.l. better than text-reading) S IV 344; Saddh 7; Nidd II on dukkha. As k°-karaṇaṃ saṃvidahiṃsu Ja II 398; kamma-kāraṇa-ppatta one who undergoes punishment Vism 500. See also examples under 2d and M I 87; A I 47; Ja V 429; Miln 197. B. in objective relation: universal karma, law of cause and consequence. (a) karma as cause of existence (see also d, purāṇa° and pubbe kataṃ k°): compared to the fruitful soil (khetta), as substratum of all existence in kāma, rūpa, arūpa-dhātu A I 223 (kāmadhātu-vepakkañ ce kammaṃ nābhavissa api na kho kāmabhavo paññāyethā ti? No h'etaṃ ... iti kho kammaṃ khettaṃ ...); as one of the 6 causes or substrata of existence A III 410; {172} kammanā vattati loko kammanā vattati pajā "by means of karma the world goes on, mankind goes on" Snp 654; kamma-paccayā through karma Pv-a 25 (= Pj 207); k°ṃ kilesā hetu saṃsārassa "k. and passions are the cause of saṃsāra (renewed existence)" Nett 113; see on k. as principle: Paṭis II 78; 79 (ch. VII, kamma-kathā) M I 372 f.; Nett 161; 180-182; k. as threefold: Abhidh-av 117; as fourfold M III 215; and as cause in general Vism 600 (where enumerated as one of the 4 paccaya's or stays of rūpa, viz. k., citta, utu, āhāra); Abhidh-av 63, 57, 116, 134 f.; Vibh 366; Miln 40 f. as a factor in the five-fold order (dhammatā or niyama) of the cosmos: k°-niyama Sv. on D 11, 12; As 272; cf. compounds: kammaja (resulting from karma) Abhidh-av 68, 72, 75; °-vātā, birth-pains i.e. the winds resulting from karma (caliṃsu) Dhp-a I 165; II 262; k°-nimitta Abhidh-av 11, 57, 62; k°-sambhava Abhidh-av 66; k°-samuṭṭhāna Vism 600; Abhidh-av 67, 72; see further compounds below. (b) karma as result or consequence. There are 3 kamma-nidānāni, factors producing karma and its effect: lobha, dosa, moha, as such (tīṇi nidānāni kammānaṃ samudayāya, 3 causes of the arising of karma) described A I 134 = 263 = III 338 = Nidd II §517; so also A V 86; 262; Vibh 208. With the cessation of these 3 the factor of karma ceases: lobha-kkhayā kamma-nidāna-saṃkhayo A V 262. There are 3 other nidānāni as atīte anāgate paccuppanne chanda A I 264 {193} and 3 others as producing or inciting existence (called here kamma-bhava, consequential existence) are puñña, apuñña, ānejja (merit, demerit and immovability) Vibh 137 = Nidd II §471. (c) karma as cause-consequence: its manifestation consists in essential likeness between deed and result, cause and effect: like for like "as the cause, so the result." Karma in this special sense is retribution or retaliation; a law, the working of which cannot be escaped (cf. Dhp 127, as quoted above 3 A (b), and Pv II 7 17 : sace taṃ pāpakaṃ kammaṃ karissatha karotha vā, na vo dukkhā pamutt'atthi) — na hi nassati kassaci kammaṃ "nobody's (trace, result of) action is ever lost" Snp 666; puññāpuñña-kammassa nissandena kanaka-vimāne ekikā hutvā nibbatti "through the consequence of both merit and demerit" Pv-a 47; cf. Vv-a 14; yatth'assa attabhāvo nibbattati tattha taṃ k°ṃ vipaccati "wherever a man comes to be born, there ripens his action" A I 134; — correspondence between "light" and "dark" deeds and their respective consequence are fourfold: kaṇha-kamma > kaṇha vipāka, sukka, kaṇhasukka, akaṇha-asukka: D III 230 = M I 389 = A II 230 f.; so sakena kammena Nirayaṃ upapajjati Nidd II §304 III C; k.-ānubhāva-ukkhitta "thrown, set into motion, by the power of k." Pv-a 78; sucarita-k°-ānubhavāvanibbattāni vimānāni "created by the power of their result of good conduct" Vv-a 127; k°-ānubhāvena by the working of k. Pv-a 77; k.-vega-ukkhittā (same) Pv-a 284; yathā kamm-ūpaga "undergoing the respective consequences (of former deeds) affected with respective karma: see compounds, and cf. yathā kammaṃ gato gone (into a new existence) according to his karma Ja I 153 and frequent; see compounds; k°-sarikkhatā "the karma-likeness," the correspondence of cause and consequence: taṃ k°-s°-ṃ vibhāventaṃ suvaṇṇamayaṃ ahosi "this, manifesting the karma-correspondence, was golden" Vv-a 6; so also k°-sarikkhaka, in accordance with their deed, retributionary, of kamma-phalaṃ, the result of action: tassa kamma-sarikkhakaṃ kammaphalaṃ hoti "for her the fruit of action became like action," i.e. the consequence was according to her deed. Pv-a 206; 284; 258; as neuter: k°-s°-ṃ pan'assa udapādi "the retribution for him has come" Dhp-a I 128; Ja III 203; cf. also Miln 40 f.; 65 f.; 108. (d) The working and exhaustion of karma, its building up by new karma (nava°) and its destruction by expiration of old karma (purāṇa). The final annihilation of all result (°kkhaya) constitutes Arahantship. nava > purāṇa-kamma: as aparipakka, not ripe, and paripakka, ripe D I 54 = S III 212; as pañca-kammuno satāni, etc. ibid.; kāyo ... purāṇaṃ k°ṃ abhisaṅkhataṃ ("our body is an accumulation of former karma") S II 65 = Nidd II §680 D; see also A II 197; Pv IV 7 1 ; Pv-a 1, 45; Nett 179; and with simile of the snake stripping its slough (porāṇassa k°ssa parikkhīṇattā ... santo yathā kammaṃ gacchati) Pv-a 63. — k°-nirodha or °kkhaya: so ... na tāva kālaṃ karoti yāva na taṃ pāpakammaṃ vyanti hoti "He does not die so long as the evil karma is unexhausted" A I 141; nava-purāṇāni k°āni desissāmi k°-nirodhaṃ k°-nirodha-gāminiñ ca paṭipadaṃ "the new and the old karma I shall demonstrate to you, the destruction of k. and the way which leads to the destruction of k." S IV 132 ≈ A III 410; ... navānaṃ k°ānaṃ akaraṇā setughātaṃ; iti k°-kkhayā dukkhakkhayo ... (end of misery through the end of karma) A I 220 = M II 214; same Paṭis I 55-57; cf. also A I 263; Nidd II §411 (explained as kamma-parāyaṇa vipāka-p°: "gone beyond karma and its results," i.e. having attained Nibbāna). See also the following compounds: k°-ābhisaṅkhīsa, °āvaraṇa, °kkhaya, °nibandhana. -ādhikata ruled by karma, Miln 67, 68; °ena by the influence of k. ibid; -ādhiggahita gripped by karma Miln 188, 189; -ānurūpa (adjective) (of vipāka) according to one's karma Ja III 160; Sv I 37; -ābhisaṅkhāra (3 B) accumulation of k. Nidd II §§116, 283, 506; -ābhisanda in °ena in consequence of k. Miln 276, cf. JPTS 1886, 146; -āraha see I.; -āyatana1 . work Vibh 324, cf. Miln 78;2. action = kamma Ja III 542; cf. Ja IV 451, 452; -āyūhana the heaping up of k. Vism 530; As 267, 268; cf. k°ṃ āyūhi Miln 214 and JPTS 1885, 58; -āvaraṇa the obstruction caused by k. A III 436 = Pp 13 = Vibh 341 (in definition of sattā abhabbā: kammāvaraṇena samannāgatā, kiles°, vipāk° ...), Kv 341; Miln 154, 155; Vism 177 (= ānantariya-kamma); -ūpaga in yatha kamm-ūpage satte: the beings as undergoing (the consequences of) their respective kamma (3B) in formation cavamāne upapajjamāne hīne paṇīte suvaṇṇe dubbaṇṇe sugate duggate ... pajānāti (or passati) Vin III 5 = D I 82 = S II 122 (214) = V 266 = A IV 178 = V 13 (35, 200, 340) = Vibh 344; abbreviated in M III 178; Nett 178; see also similar Snp 587; Abhidh-av 111; -upacaya accumulation of k. Kv 520; -kathā exposition of k.; chapter in Paṭis II 98; -kāma (adjective) desirous of good karma Thig 275; Pv-a 174; a° opposite = inactive, indolent A IV 92, Pv-a 174; -kiriyā -dassana (adjective) understanding the workings of k. Ja I 45; -kiliṭṭha bad, evil k. Dhp 15 (= Dhp-a I 129, explanation kiliṭṭha-k°); -kilesa (2) depravity of action, bad works, there are 4 enumerated at D III 181 = Ja III 321, as the non-performance of sīla 1-4 (see sīla), equal to pāpa-kāya-k°; -kkhaya (3 B) the termination, exhaustion of the influence of k.; its destruction: sabba-k°-kkhayaṃ patto vimutto upadhi-saṅkhaye S I 134; as brought about by neutral, indifferent kamma: D III 230 = A II 230 f.; M I 93, As 89; -ja (3 B) produced by k. Ja I 52; as one mode of the origin of disease Miln 135; Nidd II §304 I; applied to all existence Miln 271; Vism 624 (kammajaṃ āyatanadvāra-vasena pākaṭaṃ hoti); applied to rūpa Vism 451, 614; applied to pains of childbirth (°vātā) Ja I 52, Dhp-a I 165; a° not caused by k., of ākāsa and Nibbāna Miln 268, 271; -ṭṭhāna1 . a branch of industry or occupation, profession, said of different occupations as farmer, trader, householder and mendicant M II 197; A V 83.2. occasion or ground for (contemplating) kamma (see ṭhāna II 2. c.), kamma-subject, a technical term referring to the instruments of meditation, especially objects used by meditation to realize impermanence. These exercises ("stations of exercise" Expositor 224) are highly valued as leading to Arahantship Dhp-a I 8 (yāva Arahattaṃ kamma-ṭṭhānaṃ kathesi), 96; Pv-a 98 (catu-saccakamma-ṭṭhāna-bhāvanā meditation on the 4 truths and the objects of meditation). Frequently in phrase kammaṭṭhāne anuyutto (or anuyoga vasena) na cirass'eva Arahattaṃ pāpuṇi: Ja III 36; Sās 49; see also Ja I 7, 97, 182, 303, 414; Saddh 493. These subjects of meditation are given as 38 at As 168 (cf. Cpd. 202), as 32 (dvattiṃsākāra-k°) at Vism 240 f., as 40 at Vism 110 f. (in detail); as pañca-sandhika at Vism 277; some of them are mentioned at Ja I 116; Dhp-a I 221, 336; IV 90; —°ṃ {173} anuyuñjati to give oneself up to meditation Sās 151; Pv-a 61; °°ṃ uggaṇhāti to accept from his teacher a particular instrument of meditation Vism 277 f. (also °°assa uggaho and uggaṇhana); Pj I 40; Dhp-a I 9, 262; IV 106; Pv-a 42; °°ṃ katheti to teach a pupil how to meditate on one of the k° Dhp-a I 8, 248, 336; Pv-a 61; —°ṃ adāsi Dhp-a IV 106; °aṃ gaṇhāti Ja III 246; Vism 89; °ācikkhana instruction in a formula of exercise As 246; °dāyaka the giver of a k°-ṭṭhāna object, the spiritual adviser and teacher, who must be a kalyāṇamitta (q.v.), one who has entered the Path; Vism 89; Abhidh-av 89, 91, cf. Vism 241; -ṭṭhānika a person practising kammaṭṭhāna Vism 97, 187, 189; Dhp-a I 335; -tappana the being depressed on account of one's (bad) karma Dhp-a I 150; -dāyāda (3 A (b) and cf. °ssaka) the inheritor of k., i.e. inheriting the consequences of one's own deeds M I 390; Miln 65 = As 66; -dvāra "the door of action," i.e. the medium by which action is manifested (by kāya, vacī, mano) (see 2b) Ja IV 14; Kv-a 135; As 82; Abhidh-av 8; -dhāraya name of a class of noun-compounds Kacc 166; -nānatta manifoldness {194} of k. As 64 (also °nānākaraṇa ibid.); -nibandhana (3 B) bound to k. (rathassāṇī va yāyato, as the linchpin to the cart) Snp 654; -nibbatta (3 B) produced through k. Miln 268; As 361; -nimitta the sign, token of k. As 411; -nirodha the destruction of k. [see 3 B (d)]; -paccaya the ground, basis of karma Vism 538; Kv-a 101; paccayena by means of k. Ja VI 105, Vism 538; (adjective) Ja V 271, As 304; -paṭisaraṇa (a) having k. as a place of refuge or as a protector Ja VI 102; Miln 65; cf. As 66; -paṭibāḷha strong by k. Miln 301; -pathā (2 b) plural the ways of acting (= sīla q.v.), divided into kusala (meritorious, good) and akusala (demeritorious, evil) and classified according to the 3 manifestations into 3 kāya°, 4 vācī°, 3 mano°, altogether 10; so at Vin V 138, S II 168, A V 57, 268; as kus° and akus° at D III 71, 269, 290; as 7 only at S II 167; as akus° only at A V 54, 266; Vibh 391; Nett 43; Abhidh-av 129, 131;°ppatta having acquired the 10 items of (good) action Saddh 56, 57; -phala [3 A (a)] the fruit of k., the result of (formerly) performed actions Ja I 350; Vv-a 39, Pv-a 1, 26, 52; °-upajīvin1. living on the fruit of one's labour (ad I) Ja IV 160;2. living according to the result of former deeds A II 135; -bandhu having k. as one's relative, i.e. closely tied to one's karma (see °ssaka) Thag 496; cf. Ja VI 100, etc; -bala the power of k. Ja VI 108; Pv-a 82; -bhava [3 B (b)] karmic existence, existence through karma Vibh 137; As 37; -bhūmi 1. the place of work Ja III 411; 2. the ground of actions, i.e. the field of meritorious deeds Miln 229; -mūla (good) k. as a price (for long life, etc.) Miln 333, 334, 341; -mūlaka produced by k. Miln 134; -yoni having k. for matrix, i.e. as the cause of rebirth Miln 65; As 66; -lakkhaṇa having k. as distinctive characteristic A I 102; Mp 370; -vagga name of section in Nipāta IV of Aṅguttara (Nos. 232-238) A II 230 f. ; -vavaṭṭhāna the continuance of k. As 85; -vāda (a) holding to the view of (the power and efficacy of) k. S II 33 f.; A I 287 (+ kiriyavāda, viriyavāda); -vādin believing in k. D I 115; Vin I 71; Ja VI 60; -vipāka [3 A (a)] the ripening of k., the result of one's actions (see above) Vibh 106, 182, 268, 281; as one of the four mysteries (acinteyyāni) of Buddhism at Miln 189. —°ja produced as a result of k.: D II 20; Mhbv 78; Paṭis II 174, 213; Miln 135; Vism 382 (applied to iddhi); concerning disease as not produced by k., see A V 110; Miln 134, 135; Mp 433, 556; -visuddhi meritorious karma Dhp 16 (= Dhp I 132); -visesa variety or difference of k. As 313; -vega the impetus of k. Pv-a 284; -sacca (adjective) having its reality only in k.; said of loka, the world A II 232; -samādāna the acquisition of ways of acting, one's character, or the incurring of karma, either as micchā-diṭṭhi (of wrong views) or sammā-diṭṭhi (conforming to the right doctrine), so in yathākammūpaga passage (q.v.): D III 96; M I 70; III 178, 179; four such qualities or kinds of karma enumerated at Nett 98; of Buddha's knowledge as regards the quality of a man's character: S V 304; A III 417 f.; Paṭis II 174; Vibh 338; -samārambha [3 B (a)] having its beginning in k.; said of loka, the world of men; with °ṭṭhāyin: lasting as long as the origin (cause) of k. exists A II 232; -samuṭṭhāna [3 B (a)] rising from k. Miln 127; As 82; -sambhava produced by k. Miln 127; -sarikkhaka [see above 3 B (c)] similar or like in consequence to the deed done Dhp-a III 334 (°vipāka); -sarikkhatā the likeness between deed and result; -sahāya "companion to the deed," said of thought As 323; -socana sorrowing for one's (bad) deeds Dhp-a I 128; - (s)saka [3 A (b), q.v.] (a) one whose karma is his own property, possessed of his own k. M III 203, etc. (in phrase k., kamma-dāyāda, kamma-bandhu, etc.; cf. Vism 301); Ja IV 128; Miln 65; Sv I 37 = who goes according to his own karma (attano k°ānurūpaṃ gatiṃ gacchanti, n'eva pitā puttassa kammena gacchati, na putto pitu kammena ...); derived °tā the fact that every being has his very own karma A III 186; Dhs 1366; Vibh 324; °ta as adjective; qualifying ñāṇa, i.e. the knowledge of the individual, specific nature of karma Dhs 1366, Vibh 328.
work, occupation; activity, performance; act, deed, action or actions of moral import (producing for the agent an inevitable result or consequence in the same or another life; the action appears to exist in some sense until the effect is completed); an official act of the saṅgha (i.e. an action or ceremony agreed on and ratified by a properly constituted group of bhikkhus)
【中】 業，行爲，工作，造作。~kara, ~kara,【陽】 工人，勞工。~karaṇa,【中】 造業，勞動，服務，工作。~kāraṇā,【陰】 體罰。~kāraka,【中】 （語法）賓格。~kkhaya,【陽】 消業。~ja,【形】 業生的。~jāta,【中】 各種業，各種不同的行動或工作。~dāyāda,【形】 受作業分（受業的嗣），業的繼承者。~nānatta,【中】 多種業。~nibbatta,【形】 通過業而生的。~paṭisarana,【形】 業的堅固。~patha,【陽】 業道，行動的方法。~ppaccaya,【形】 業緣的。~phala,【中】 業的果，因果的報應。~bandhu,【形】 業的眷屬，業爲親戚。~bala,【中】 業力，因果報應的力量。~yoni,【形】 業的生，業爲母胎。~vāda,【陽】 業論，因果報應的觀點。~vādī,【形】 信業，信仰因果報應。~vipāka,【陽】 業的異熟，業的報應。~vega,【陽】 業的推動力，因果報應的動力。~samuṭṭhāna,【形】 由業而生起的。~sambhava,【形】 業生的。~sarikkhaka,【形】 與業有相似的因果關係。~saka,【形】 自作業，業的主人。~āyūhana,【中】 業的堆積。~upacaya,【陽】業的積聚。
(nt, nt, irreg, from karoti) action; deed; doing deed, action Construction: √kar + ma
(nt, nt, irreg, from karoti) work; job; occupation job, work Construction: √kar + ma
(nt, nt, nom sg of kamma, irreg) action; deed; work (subject) Construction: √kar + ma
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