kAma · masculine, neuter · kāma 1
Kāma (masculine neuter) [Dhātup (603) and Dhātum (843) paraphrase by "icchāyaṃ," cf. Vedic kāma, kam = Indo-Germanic °qā to desire, cf. Latin carus, Gothic hors, E whore.] 1. Objective: pleasantness, pleasure-giving, an object of sensual enjoyment; 2. Subjective: (a) enjoyment, pleasure on occasion of sense, (b) sense-desire. Buddhist commentators express 1 and 2 by kāmiyatī ti kāmo, and kametī ti kāmo Cpd. 81, note 2. Kāma as sense-desire and enjoyment plus objects of the same is a collective name for all but the very higher or refined conditions of life. The kāma-bhava or °loka (worlds of sense desire) includes 4 of the 5 modes (gatis) of existence and part of the fifth or deva-loka. See Bhava. The term is not found analyzed till the later books of the canon are consulted, thus, Nidd I 1 distinguishes (1) vatthukāmā: desires relating to a base, i.e. physical organ or external object, and (2) kilesakāmā: desire considered subjectively. So also Nidd II §202, quoted Dhp-a II 162; III 240; and very often as ubho kāmā. A more logical definition is given by Dhammapāla on Vv 1 1 (Vv-a 11). He classifies as follows: 1. manāpiyā rūpādi-visayā. 2. chandarāga. 3. sabbasmiṃ lobha. 4. gāmadhamma. 5. hitacchanda. 6. serībhāva, i.e. k. concerned with (1) pleasant objects, (2) impulsive desire, (3) greed for anything, (4) sexual lust, (5) effort to do good, (6) self-determination. In all enumerations of obstacles to perfection, or of general divisions and definitions of mental conditions, kāma occupies the leading position. It is the first of the five nīvaraṇāni (obstacles), the three esanās (longings), the four upādānas (attachments), the four oghas (floods of worldly turbulence), the four āsavas (intoxicants of mind), the three taṇhās, the four yogas; and k. stands first on the list of the six factors of existence: kāmā, vedanā, saññā, āsavā, kamma, dukkha, which are discussed at A III 410 f. as regards their origin, difference, consequences, destruction and remedy. Kāma is most frequently connected with rāga (passion), with chanda (impulse) and gedha (greed), all expressing the active, clinging, and impulsive character of desire. The following is the list of synonyms given at various places for kāma-cchanda: (1) chanda, impulse; (2) rāga, excitement; (3) nandī, enjoyment; (4) taṇhā, thirst; (5) sineha, love; (6) pipāsā, thirst; (7) pariḷāha, consuming passion; (8) gedha, greed; (9) mucchā, swoon, or confused state of {182} mind; (10) ajjhosāna, hanging on, or attachment Nidd I. At Nidd II §200; Dhs 1097 (omitting No. 8), cf. As 370; similarly at Vism 569 (omitting Nos. 6 and 8), cf. Dhs 1214; Vibh 375. This set of 10 characteristics is followed by kām-ogha, kāma-yoga, kām-upādāna at Nidd II §200, cf. Vism 141 (kām-ogha, °āsava, °upādāna). Similarly at D III 238: kāme avigata-rāga, °chanda, °pema, °pipāsa, °pariḷāha, °taṇha. See also kāma-chanda below under compounds. In connection with synonyms it may be noticed that most of the verbs used in a kāma-context are verbs the primary meaning of which is "adhering to" or "grasping," hence, attachment; viz. esanā (iṣ to Lat ira), upādāna (upa + ā + dā taking up), taṇhā (tr̥ṣ, Latin torreo = thirst) pipāsā (the wish to drink), sineha (snih, Latin nix = melting), etc. — On the other hand, the reaction of the passions on the subject is expressed by khajjati "to be eaten up" pariḍayhati "to be burnt," etc. The following passage also illustrates the various synonymic expressions: kāme paribhuñjati, kāma-majjhe vasati, kāma-pariḷāhena pariḍayhati, kāma-vitakkehi khajjati, kāma-pariyesanāyā ussukko, A I 68; cf. M I 463; III 129. Under this aspect kāma is essentially an evil, but to the popular view it is one of the indispensable attributes of bliss and happiness to be enjoyed as a reward of virtue in this world (mānussa-kāmā) as well as in the next (dibbā-kāmā). See kāmāvacara about the various stages of next-world happiness. Numerous examples are to be found in Pv and Vv, where a standing especially of the blest is sabbakāmasamiddha "fully equipped with all objects of pleasure," e.g. Pv I 10 5 ; Pv-a 46. The other-world pleasures are greater than the earthly ones: S V 409; but to the Wise even these are unsatisfactory, since they still are signs of, and lead to, rebirth (kāmūpapatti, It (4): api dibbesu kāmesu ratiṃ so nādhigacchati Dhp 187; rāgaṃ vinayetha mānusesu dibbesu kāmesu cāpi bhikkhu Snp 361, see also It 94. — Kāma as sensual pleasure finds its {204} most marked application in the sphere of the sexual: kāmesu micchācārin, transgressing in lusts, sinning in the lusts of the flesh, or violating the third rule of conduct equivalent to abrahmacariyā, inchastity (see sīla) Pp 38, 39; It 63, etc. itthi-kāmehi paricāreti "he enjoys himself with the charms of woman" S IV 343. Kāmesu brahmacariyavā practising chastity Snp 1041. — Kāmatthā for sexual amusement A III 229. Redemption from kāma is to be effected by self-control (saṃyama) and meditation (jhāna), by knowledge, right effort and renunciation. "To give up passion" as a practice of him who wishes to enter on the path is expressed by: kāmānaṃ pahānaṃ, kāmasaññānaṃ pariññā, kāma-pipāsāṇaṃ-paṭivinayo, kāma-vitakkānaṃ samugghāto, kāma-pariḷāhānaṃ vūpasamo Vin III 111; — kāmesu (ca) appaṭibaddha-citto "uddhaṃsoto" ti vuccati: he whose mind is not in the bonds of desire is called "one who is above the stream" Dhp 218; cf. Thig 12; — tasmā jantu sadā sato kāmāni parivajjaye Snp 771; — yo kāme parivajjeti Snp 768 = Nett 69. — nikkhamma gharā panujja kāme Snp 359; — ye ca kāme pariññāya caranti akutobhayā te ve pāragatā loke ye pattā āsavakkhayaṃ A III 69. — Kāmānaṃ pariññaṃ paññāpeti Gotamo M I 84; cf. A V 64; kāme pajahati: S I 12 = 31; Snp 704; kāmānaṃ vippahāna S I 47; — ye kāme hitvā agihā caranti Snp 464; — kāmā nirujjhanti (through jhāna) A IV 410; kāme panudati Dhp 383 = S I 15 (context broken), cf. kāmasukhaṃ analaṃkaritvā Snp 59; — kāmesu anapekkhin Snp 166 = S I 16 (abbreviation); S II 281; Snp 857; — Cf. rāgaṃ vinayetha ... Snp 361. vivicc'eva kāmehi, aloof from sensuous joys is the prescription for all Jhāna-exercise. Applications of these expressions: kāmesu palāḷita A III 5; kāmesu mucchita S I 74; kāmālaye asatta S I 33; kāmesu kathaṃ nameyya S I 117; kāmesu anikīḷitāvin S I 9 (cf. kela); kittassa munino carato kāmesu anapekhino oghatiṇṇassa pihayanti kāmesu gathitā pajā Snp 823 (gadhitā Nidd I); — kāmesu asaññata Snp 243; — yo na lippati kāmesu tam ahaṃ brūmi brāhmaṇaṃ Dhp 401; — muni santivādo agiddho kāme ca loke ca anūpalitto Snp 845; kāmesu giddha D III 107; Snp 774; kāmesu gedhaṃ āpajjati S I 73; — na so rajjati kāmesu Snp 161; — kāmānaṃ vasam upāgamum Snp 315 (= kāmānaṃ āsattataṃ pāpuniṃsu Pj II 325); kāme parivajjeti Snp 768, kāme anugijjhati Snp 769. Character of Kāmā. The pleasures of the senses are evanescent, transient (sabbe kāmā aniccā, etc. A II 177), and of no real taste (appāsādā); they do not give permanent satisfaction; the happiness which they yield is only a deception, or a dream, from which the dreamer awakens with sorrow and regret. Therefore the Buddha says "Even though the pleasure is great, the regret is greater: ādīnavo ettha bhīyyo" (see k.-sukha). Thus kāmā as kālikā (needing time) S I 9, 117; aniccā (transitory) S I 22; kāmā citrā madhurā "pleasures are manifold and sweet" (i.e. tasty) Snp 50; but also appassādā bahudukkhā bahupāyāsā: quotation M I 91; see Nidd II §71. Another passage with various descriptions and comparisons of kāma, beginning with app assādā dukkhā kāmā is found at Ja IV 118. °atittaṃ yeva kāmesu antako kurute vasaṃ Dhp 48; — na kahāpaṇavassena titti kāmesu vijjati appasādā dukkhā kāmā iti viññāya paṇḍito "not for showers of coins is satisfaction to be found in pleasures — of no taste and full of misery are pleasures: thus say the wise and they understand" Dhp 186; cf. M I 130; Vin II 25 (cf. Divy 224). — kāmato jāyatī soko kāmato jāyatī bhayaṃ kāmato vippamuttassa n'atthi soko kuto bhayan ti "of pleasure is born sorrow, of pleasure is born fear" Dhp 215. — Kāmānam adhivacanāni, attributes of kāma are: bhaya, dukkha, roga, gaṇḍa, salla, saṅga, paṅka, gabbha A IV 289; Nidd II page 62 on Snp 51; same, except salla and gabbha: A III 310. The misery of such pleasures is painted in vivid colours in the Buddha's discourse on pains of pleasures M I 85 and parallel passages (see e.g. Nidd II §199), how kāma is the cause of egoism, avarice, quarrels between kings, nations, families, how it leads to warfare, murder, lasciviousness, torture and madness. — Kāmānaṃ ādīnavo (the danger of passions) M I 85 f. = Nidd II §199, quotation Pj II 114 (on Snp 61); as one of the five anupubbikathās: k° ādīnavaṃ okāraṃ saṅkilesaṃ A IV 186, 209, 439; — they are the leaders in the army of Māra: kāmā te paṭhamā senā Snp 436; — yo evamvādī ... n'atthi kāmesu doso ti so kāmesu pātavyataṃ āpajjati A I 266 = M I 305 f. Similes. — In the following passage (following on appassedā bahudukkhā, etc.) the pleasures of the senses are likened to: (1) aṭṭhi-kaṅkala, a chain of bones; (2) maṃsa-pesi, a piece of (decaying) flesh; (3) tiṇukkā, a torch of grass; (4) aṅgāra-kāsu, a pit of glowing cinders; (5) supina, a dream; (6) yācita, beggings; (7) rukkha-phala, the fruit of a tree; (8) asisūna, a slaughter-house; (9) satti-sūla, a sharp stake; (10) sappa-sira, a snake's head, i.e. the bite of a snake at Vin II 25; M I 130; A III 97 (where aṭṭhi-saṅkhala); Nidd II §71 (leaving out No. 10). Out of this list are taken single quotations of No. 4 at D III 283; A IV 224 = V 175; No. 5 at Dhp-a III 240; No. 8 at M I 144; No. 9 at S I 128 = Thig 58 and 141 (with khandhānaṃ for khandhāsaṃ); No. 10 as āsīvisa (poisonous fangs of a snake) yesu mucchitā bālā Thig 451, and several at many other places of the canon. Cases used adverbially: kāmaṃ accusative as adverb (a) yathā kāmaṃ according to inclination, at will, as much as one chooses S I 227; Ja I 203; Pv-a 63, 113, 176; yena kāmaṃ wherever he likes, just as he pleases A IV 194; Vv I 1 1 (= icchānurūpaṃ Vv-a 11) (b) willingly, gladly, let it be that, usually with imperative S I 222; Ja I 233; III 147; IV 273; Vv-a 95; kāmaṃ taco nahāru ca aṭṭhi ca avasissatu (avasussatu in Ja) sarīre upasussatu maṃsa-lohitaṃ "willingly shall skin, sinews and bone remain, whilst flesh and blood shall wither in the body" M I 481; A I 50; S II 28; Ja I 71, 110; kāmasā (instrumental) in same sense Ja IV 320; VI 181; kāmena (instrumental) the same Ja V 222, 226; kāmā for the love of, longing after (often with hi) Ja III 466; IV 285, 365; V 294; VI 563, 589; cf. Mhv 3, {183} 18, 467. akāmā unwillingly D I 94; Ja VI 506; involuntarily Ja V 237. °kāma (adjective) desiring, striving after, fond of, pursuing, in kāma-kāma pleasure-loving Snp 239 (kāme kāmayanto Pj II 284); Dhp 83 (cf. on this passage Morris, JPTS 1893, 39-41); same explained as preceding at Dhp-a II 156; Thig 506. — atthakāma well-wishing, desirous of good, benevolent Ja I 241; V 504 (anukampakā + k.); so read for attakāmarūpā, M I 205, III,155, cf. S I 44 with ibid. 75; A II 21; Pv IV 3 51 ; Vv-a 11 (in quotation); Pv-a 25, 112; mānakāma proud S I 4; lābhakāma fond of taking; grasping, selfish A II 240; dūsetu° desiring to molest Vin IV 212; dhamma° Snp 92; pasaṃsa° Snp 825. So frequently in combination with infinitive, meaning, willing to, wishing to, going to, desirous of: jīvitu°, amaritu°, dātu°, daṭṭhu°, dassana°, kātu°, pattu°, netu°, gantu°, bhojetu°, etc. — sakāma (-adjective) willing Ja V 295. — akāma 1. not desiring, i.e. unwilling: M II 181; mayhaṃ akāmāya against my wish (= mama anicchantiyā) Pv II 10 7 , Ja V 121, 183, etc. 2. without desire, desireless, passionless Snp 445. — nikkāma same Snp 1131. -agga (neuter) the greatest pleasure, intense enjoyment M II 43; Vv 16 3 (= Vv-a 79, attributed to the Paranimmita-vasavattino-devā); -aggi the fire of passion Ja V 487; -ajjhosāna (neuter) attachment to lust and desire, No. 10 in kāmacchanda series (see above); -ādhikaraṇa having its cause in desire M I 85; S I 74; -ādhimutta , bent upon the enjoyment of sensual pleasures A III 168; Ja VI 159; -ānusārin pursuing worldly pleasures Ja II 117; -andha blinded by passion Ud 76 = Thag 297; -ābhibhū overcoming passions, epithet of the Buddha D II 274; -ābhimukha bent upon lust, voluptuous Pv-a 3; -āvacara "having its province in kāma," belonging to the {205} realm of sensuous pleasures. This term applies to the eleven grades of beings who are still under the influence of sensual desires and pleasures, as well as to all thoughts and conditions arising in this sphere of sensuous experience D I 34 (of the soul, explained Sv 120: cha k.-devapariyāpanna); Ja I 47; Dhs 1, 431; Paṭis 1, 84, 85, 101; Vibh 324; Vism 88, 372, 452 (rūpa°, arūpa°, lokuttara), 493 (of indriyas), 574; Pv-a 138; -kamma an action causing rebirth in the six kāma-worlds Dhs 414, 418, 431; -devatā Pv-a 138 (+ brahmādevatā) and °devā the gods of the pleasure-heavens Ja I 47; V 5; VI 99; Vism 392; or of the kāmāvacara-devaloka Ja VI 586, -bhūmi and °loka the plane or world of kāma Paṭis I 83; Ja VI 99; see also avacara; -āvacaraka belonging to the realm of kāma Ja VI 99; Saddh 254 (°ika); -assāda the relish of sensual pleasures Pv-a 262; Sv I 89, 311; -ātura affected by passion, love-sick Ja III 170; -ārāma pleasure-loving A IV 438 (gihī k.-bhogī, °ratā, °sammuditā); °ālaya, the abode of sensual pleasure (i.e. kāma-loka) S I 33 = Snp 177; Snp 306; -āvaṭṭa the whirlpool of sensuality Ja II 330; -āsava the intoxication of passion, sensuality, lusts; defined as kāmesu kāma-chando, etc. (see below k.-chando) Vibh 364, 374; Dhs 1097; as the first of four impurities, viz. k°, bhava°, diṭṭhi°, avijjā° at Vin III 5 (the detachment from which constitutes Arahantship); Vibh 373; Dhs 1096, 1448; as three (preceding without diṭṭhi°) at It 49; Vibh 364; cf. D I 84; II 81; III 216; M I 7; -itthi a pleasure-woman, a concubine Vin I 36; Ja I 83; V 490; VI 220; -upabhoga the enjoyment of pleasures Vv-a 79; -upādāna clinging to sensuality, arising from taṇhā, as k° diṭṭhi° sīlabbata°, attavāda° D III 230; M I 51; Vibh 136, 375; Vism 569; -ūpapatti existence or rebirth in the sensuous universe. These are three:(1) Paccupaṭṭhita-kāmā (including mankind, four lowest devalokas, Asuras, petas and animals),(2) Nimmāna-ratino devā,(3) Paranimmita-vasavattino devā D III 218; It 94; -ūpasaṃhita endowed with pleasantness: in formula rūpā (saddā, etc.) iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā k° rajaniyā "forms (sounds, etc. = any object of sense), desirable, lovely, agreeable, pleasant, endowed with pleasantness, prompting desires" D I 245 = M I 85; 504; D II 265; M III 267; Vv-a 127; -esanā the craving for pleasure. There are three esanās: kāma°, bhava°, brahmacariya° D III 216 270; A II 42; Vibh 366; It 48; S V 54; -ogha the flood of sensual desires A III 69; D III 230, 276; Vibh 375; Vism 141; As 166; Nidd II §178 (viz. kām°, bhav°, diṭṭh°, avijj°); -kaṇṭaka the sting of lust Ud 27; -kara the fulfilment of one's desires Ja V 370 (= kāmakiriyā) -karaṇīya in yathā° pāpimato the puppet of the wicked (literally one with whom one can do as one likes) M I 173; It 56; -kalala the mud of passions Ja III 293; -kāra the fulfilment of desires Snp 351 = Thag 1271; -kārin acting according to one's own inclination Thag 971; or acting willingly Sv I 71; -koṭṭhāsa a constituent of sensual pleasure (= kāmaguṇa) Ja III 382; V 149; Sv I 121; Pv-a 205; -kopa the fury of passion Thag 671; -gavesin , pleasure-seeking Dhp 99 = Thag 992; -gijjha Ja I 210 and -giddha greedy for pleasure, craving for love Ja III 432; V 256; VI 245; -giddhimā , same Ja VI 525; -giddhin feminine °inī same Mhv 6, 3; -guṇā (plural) always as pañca: the five strands of sensual pleasures, viz., the pleasures which are to be enjoyed by means of the five senses; collectively all sensual pleasures. Definition as cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā, etc. A III 411; D I 245; II 271; III 131, 234; Nidd II sub voce ; Paṭis I 129; as manāpiyehi rūpādīhi pañcahi kāma-koṭṭhāsehi bandhanehi vā Sv I 121, where it is also divided into two groups: mānusakā and dibbā. As constituents of kāmarāga at Nett 28; as vana (desire) Nett 81. — In the popular view they are also to be enjoyed in "heaven": saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjissāmi tattha dibbehi pañcahi k°-guṇehi samappito samaṅgibhūto paricāressāmī ti Vin III 72; mentioned as pleasures in Nandana S I 5; M I 505; A III 40, IV 118; in various other connections S IV 202; Vv 30 7 ; Pv III 7 1 (°ehi sobhasi; explained Pv-a 205 by kāma-koṭṭhāsehi); Pv-a 58 (paricārenti); cf. also kāma-kāmin. As the highest joys of this earth they are the share of men of good fortune, like kings, etc. (mānusakā k°-guṇā) S V 409; A V 272, but the same passage with "dibbehi pañcahi k°-guṇehi samappita ..." also refers to earthly pleasures, e.g. S I 79, 80 (of kings); V 342 (of a Cakkavatti); A II 125; IV 55, 239; V 203; of the soul D I 36; Vibh 379; other passages simply quoting k.-g. as worldly pleasures are e.g. S I 16 = Snp 171; S I 92; IV 196. 326; A III 69 (itthirūpasmiṃ); D I 60, 104; Saddh 261. In the estimation of the early Buddhists, however, this bundle of pleasures is to be banned from the thought of every earnest striver after perfection: their critique of the kāmaguṇā begins with "pañc'ime bhikkhave kāmaguṇā ..." and is found at various places, e.g. in full at M I 85 = Nidd II sub voce ; M I 454; II 42; III 114; quoted at M I 92; A III 411; IV 415, 430, 449, 458. Other expressions voicing the same view are: gedho pañcannaṃ k°-guṇānaṃ adhivacanaṃ A III 312 f.; asisūnā ... adhivac° M I 144; nivāpo ... adhivac° M. I 155; sāvaṭṭo ... adhivac° It 114. In connection with rata and giddha Pv-a 3; pahīna M III 295; gathita and mucchita M I 173; mā te kāmaguṇe bhamassu cittaṃ "Let not thy heart roam in the fivefold pleasures" Dhp 371; cittassa vossaggo Vibh 370; asantuṭṭha Vibh 350. See also Snp 50, 51, 171, 284, 337; -guṇika consisting of fivefold desire, applied to rāga S II 99; Ja IV 220; As 371; -gedha a craving for pleasure S I 100; Thig-a 225; -cāgin he who has abandoned lusts Snp 719; -citta impure thought Ja II 214; -chanda excitement of sensual pleasure, grouped as the first of the series of five obstacles (pañca nīvaraṇāni) D I 156, 246; III 234, 278; A I 231; IV 457; A I 134 = Snp 1106; S I 99; V 64; Abhidh-av 72, 96, 130; Nidd II §§200, 420 A. Also as the first in the series of ten fetters (saṃyojanāni). Enumerated under 1-10 at Nidd II §200 as eight in order: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10 (omitting pipāsā and gedha) Vibh 364; Dhs 1114, 1153; Nidd II ad chanda-rāga and bhava-chanda; in order: 2, 3, 5, 9, 6, 7, 10, 4 at A II 10; — as nine (like above, omitting gedha) at Vibh 374; Dhs 1097; — as five in order: 1, 5, 9, 6, 7, (cf. above passage A II 10) at M I 241; — as four in order: 1, 5, 9, 7 at S IV 188; — as six nīvaraṇas (5 + avijjā) at Dhs 1170, 1486. See also D I 246; III 234, 269; Paṭis I {184} 103, 108; II 22, 26, 44, 169; Vism 141; Saddh 459; -jāla the net of desires Thag 355; -taṇhā thirst after sensual pleasures; the first of the three taṇhās, viz. kāma°, bhava°, vibhava° D III 216, 275; It 50; Vibh 365 (where defined as kāma-dhātu-paṭisaṃyutto rāgo); Dhs 1059, 1136 (cf. taṇhā: jappā passage); as the three taṇhā, viz. ponobbhavikā, nandirāga-sahagatā, tatratatrābhinandinī at Vin I 10 = Vibh 101; as k.-taṇhāhi khajjamāno k-pariḷāhena pariḍayhamāno M I 504. See also D II 308; S I 131; A II 11; Thig 140; Ja II 311; V 451; Miln 318; -da granting desires, bestowing objects of pleasure and delight; especially of yakkhas and of Vessantara (cf. the good fairy) Ja VI 498, 525; Mhv 19, 9; as sabba° Pv II 13 8 ; -dada = preceding Pv II 9 18 ; Pv-a 112; Ja VI 508; of a stone Miln 243, 252; of Nibbāna Miln 321; Khp VIII 10: esa deva-manussānaṃ sabbakāmadado nidhi "this is the treasure which gives all pleasures to gods and men"; -dukkha the pain of sensual pleasures Ja IV 118; -duha granting wishes, like a cow giving milk Ja V 33; VI 214; f. °duhā the cow of plenty Ja IV 20; -dhātu "element of desire." i.e.1. the world of desire, that sphere of existence in which beings are still in the bonds of sensuality, extending from the Avīci-Niraya to the heaven of the Paranimmita-vasavatti-devas S II 151; Thag 181; also2. sensual pleasures, desires, of which there are six dhātus, viz. kāma°, vyāpāda°, vihiṃsā°, nekkhamma°, avyāpāda°, avihiṃsā°, Vibh 86; Nett 97; D III 215 = Vibh 363 (as the first three = akusala-dhātus); Vibh 404. See also D III 275; Thag 378; Ja V 454; Vism 486 (cf. {206} Vbh 86); -nandī sensual delight (cf. °chanda) A II 11; Dhs 1114, etc; -nidānaṃ accusative adverb as the consequence of passion, through passion, M I 85, etc. (in kāmaguṇā passage); -nissaraṇa deliverance from passion, the extinction of passion It 61 (as three nissaraṇīyā dhātuyo), cf. A III 245; -nissita depending on craving Miln 11; -nīta led by desire Ja II 214, 215; -paṅka the mire of lusts Snp 945; Thig 354; Ja V 186, 256; VI 230, 505; Mhbv 3; -paṭisandhi -sukhin finding happiness in the association with desire M III 230; -pariḷāha the flame or the fever of passion M I 242, 508; S IV 188; A I 68 (pariḍayhati, khajjati, etc.); A II 11; Vin III 20; Nidd II §374 (combined with °palibodha); Dhp-a II 2; see also kāmacchanda passage; -pāla the guardian of wishes, i.e. benefactor Ja V 221; -pipāsā thirst for sensuality M I 242; A II 11, and under k°-chanda; -bandha Ud 93, and -bandhana the bonds of desire Ja VI 28, also in the sense of k°-guṇā, q.v.; -bhava a state of existence dominated by pleasures. It is the second kind of existence, the first being caused by kamma Vibh 137. It rests on the effect of kamma, which is manifested in the kāma-dhātu A I 223. It is the first form of the 3 bhavas, viz. kāma°, rūpa°, arūpa° Vin I 36; D III 216; A IV 402; Vism 572. Emancipation from this existence is the first condition to the attainment of Arahantship: kāmabhave asatta akiñcana Snp 176, 1059, 1091 (explanation Pj II 215: tividhe bhave alaggana); Abhidh-av 61.°parikkhīṇa one who has overcome the desire-existence Dhp 415 = Snp 639; -bhoga enjoyment of sensual pleasures, gratification of desires S I 74 (sāratta-°esu giddhā kāmesu mucchitā); Thig 464; It 94 (-°esu paṇḍito who discriminates in worldly pleasures); Ja II 65; -bhogin enjoying the pleasures of the senses Vin I 203, 287; II 136, 149; D III 124, 125; Miln 243, 350, as especially of the kāmūpapatti-beings It 94; as ten kinds A V 177; as bringing evil, being blameworthy S I 78; cf. A IV 281, 438; S IV 333 f.; A III 351; Thig 486; Ja III 154. ye keci kāmesu asaññatā janā avītarāgā idha k.-bhogino (etc.) A II 6, Cp II 17. kāmabhogī kāmārāmo kāmarato kāma-sammudito A IV 439; °°seyyā sleeping at ease, way of lying down, the second of the four ways of sleeping (kāmabhogīseyyā vāmena passena) A II 244; -bhojin = °bhogin Ud 65; -magga the path of sensuous pleasures Ja V 67; -matta intoxicated with sensuous pleasures Ja VI 231; -mucchā sensual stupor or languor S IV 189; A II 11; Dhs 1114, etc. (see kāmacchanda); -yoga application to sensuous enjoyment, one of the four yogas, viz. kāma°, bhava°, diṭṭhi°, avijjā° (cf. āsavā) A II 10; only the first two at It 95; cf. D III 230, 276; S V 59; As 166; -rata delighting in pleasures Ja V 255; -rati amorous enjoyment (as arati) Thig 58 and 141; Ja I 211; III 396; IV 107; -n 'atthi nissaraṇaṃ loke kiṃ vivekena kāhasi bhuñjassu k.-ratiyo māhu pacchānutāpinī S I 128. mā pamādam anuyuñjetha, mā kāmaratisanthavaṃ appamatto hi jhāyanto pappoti paramaṃ sukhan S I 25 = Dhp 27 = Thag 884; -rasa the taste of love Ja II 329; III 170; V 451; -rāga sensual passion, lust. This term embraces the kāmaguṇā and the three rāgas: Dhs 1131, 1460; Nett 28; M I 433 f.; D III 254, 282; S I 22 = A III 411; S I 13, 53; III 155; Thig 68, 77; Pv-a 6; see also k.-chanda passage. Relinquishing this desire befits the Saint: Snp 139 (°ṃ virājetvā brahmalokūpago). As k.-rāgavyāpāda Dhs 362; Pj II 205; -rūpa a form assumed at will Vv-a 80, or a form which enjoys the pleasures of heaven Vibh 426; -lāpin talking as one likes D I 91 (= Sv I 257 yadicchaka-bhāṇin); -lābha the grasping of pleasures, in °abhijappin A III 353; -loka the world of pleasures = kāmāvacara, q.v. Saddh 233, 261; -vaṇṇin assuming any form at will, Protean Ja II 255 = III 409 = Vv 33 191 ; Ja V 157; Vv 16 3 ; Vv-a 80, 143, 146; -vasika under the influence of passions Ja II 215; -vitakka a thought concerning some sensuous pleasure, one of the three evil thoughts (kāma° vyāpāda° vihiṃsā°) D III 215, 226; M I 114; A I 68; Ja I 63; III 18, 375; IV 490; VI 29; It 82, 115; Vibh 362; Miln 310; -vega the impulse of lust Ja VI 268; -sagga the heaven of sensuous beings, there are six q.v. under sagga Ja I 105; II 130; III 258; IV 490; VI 29, 432; at all these passages only referred to, not enumerated; cf. k.-āvacara; -saṅkappa -bahula full of aspirations after pleasure A III 145, 259; D III 215; -saṅga attachment to passion Ud 75; -saññā lustful idea or thought; one of the three akusala-saññās (as vitakka) D I 182; III 215; M II 262; S I 126; Vibh 363; Thag 1039; virata k° āya S I 53 = Snp 175; -saṃyojana the obstacle or hindrance formed by pleasures; °ātiga especially of Arahant, free of the fetters of lust A III 373 (+ kāmarāgaṃ virājetvā); -sineha love of pleasures Dhs 1097 (also as °sneha M I 241; S IV 188; A II 10); see k.-chanda; -sukha happiness or welfare arising from (sensual) pleasure, worldly happiness, valued as mīlha°, puthujjana°, anariya°, and not worth pursuit: see kāmaguṇā, which passage closes: yaṃ ime pañca k.-guṇe paṭicca uppajjati sukhaṃ somanassaṃ idaṃ vuccati k.-sukhaṃ A IV 415; S IV 225; varying with ... somanassaṃ ayaṃ kāmānaṃ assādo M I 85, 92, etc. — As kāma° and nekkhamma° A I 80; as renounced by the saint: anapekkhino k°ṃ pahāya Dhp 346 = S I 77; M III 230; Snp 59 (see Nidd II sub voce ). See also S IV 208; M II 43; Thig 483; Vv 6 17 ; Ja II 140; III 396; V 428; kāma-sukhallikānuyoga attachment to worldly enjoyment S IV 330; V 421; Vin I 10; D III 113; Nett 110; Vism 5, 32; -sutta name of the first sutta of the Aṭṭhakavagga of Sn; -seṭṭhā (plural) a class of devas D II 258; -sevanā pursuit of, indulgence in, sensuous pleasure Ja II 180; III 464; -sevin adjective to preceding Ja IV 118; -hetu having craving as a cause: in ādīnava-section, following on kāmaguṇā M I 86, etc., of wealth S I 74; -hetuka caused by passion Thig 355 = Thig-a 243; Ja V 220, 225.
kāma , nt. (so cited Skt. Lex. object of desire , BR ; acc. to PTSD nt. as well as m. in Pali ), (object of) desire : LV 215.7 ( vs ) bhukta kāmāni (so Lefm. with only ms. A, the best; the others kāmān imāṃ which is bad in meter and sense and seems an attempt to ‘correct’ the form) rūpāś ca śabdāś ca … nānāvidhā.
(masculine) wish, desire; love; longing; (masculine, neuter) pleasure of the senses; sensual enjoyment; especially sexual pleasure; the objects of pleasure, what gives pleasure to the senses
【陽】 快樂，貪欲，樂趣，官能享樂的物件。~giddha, 貪欲，貪婪於官能享受。~guṇa,【陽】 情欲，官能上的享受。~gedha,【陽】 執情， 執著於官能享受。~cchanda,【陽】 激情，官能享受的刺激。~taṇhā,【陰】 戀情，對官能享受之渴望。~da, ~dada,【形】 情施，給予的都是很想要的東西。~dhātu 【陰】 情欲世界。~paṅka,【陽】 貪欲的泥沼。~pariḷāha,【陽】 灼熱的情感。~bhava,【陽】 欲界。~bhogī,【形】 享受感覺的快樂。~mucchā,【陰】 官能上的麻木。~rati,【陰】好色，情癡，多情的享樂。~rāga,【陽】激情。~loka,【陽】 情欲世界。~vitakka,【陽】 情思，情欲的思緒。~saṅkappa,【陽】 情欲的抱負。~saññojana,【中】 情欲的妨害。~sukha,【中】 情欲的快樂。~sevanā,【陰】 （沈溺于）行房。
(adj, adj, in comps, from kāmeti) wishing; wanting; would be delighted (to) Construction: √kam > kām + *a
(adj, adj, in comps, from kāmeti) enjoying; fond (of); who likes; who loves Construction: √kam > kām + *a
(masc, masc, from kāmeti) sense desire; sensual pleasure (of) pleasure, lust, enjoyment Construction: √kam > kām + *a
…该来源共 4 条释义