adjective & neuter · dukkha 1 · dukkha 2
suffering
(adjective) painful; unpleasant; bringing pain or distress; uneasy, uncomfortable; not what one wants; wrong; (used to characterize all experience) unsatisfactory; bringing distress or trouble; (neuter) pain, distress, trouble; (as a term characterizing all experience; its ending is nibbāna), distress, trouble
Dukkha (adjective/noun) [Sanskrit duḥkha from duḥ-ka, an adjective formation from prefix duḥ (see du). According to others an analogy formation after sukha, q.v.; Buddhaghosa (at Vism 494) explains dukkha as du + kha, where du = du 1 and kha = ākāsa. See also definition at Vism 461.] A. (adjective) unpleasant, painful, causing misery (opposite sukha pleasant) Vin I 34; Dhp 117. Literally of vedanā (sensation) M I 59 (°ṃ vedanaṃ vediyamāna, see also below B III 1 e); A II 116 = M. I 10 (sarīrikāhi vedanāhi dukkhāhi). Figurative (fraught with pain, entailing sorrow or trouble) of kāmā D I 36 (= paṭipīḷan-aṭṭhena Sv I 121); Dhp 186 (= bahudukkha Dhp-a III 240); of jāti M I 185 (cf. ariyasacca, below B I); in combination dukkhā paṭipadā dandhābhiññā D III 106; Dhs 176; Nett 7, 112 f., cf. A II 149 f. ekanta° very painful, giving much pain S II 173; III 69. dukkhaṃ (adverb) with difficulty, hardly Ja I 215. B. (neuter; but plural also dukkhā, e.g. S I 23; Snp 728; Dhp 202, 203, 221. Spelling dukha (after sukha) at Dhp 83, 203). There is no word in English covering the same ground as Dukkha does in Pāli. Our modern words are too specialised, too limited, and usually too strong. Sukha and dukkha are ease and dis-ease (but we use disease in another sense); or wealth and ilth from well and ill (but we have now lost ilth); or well-being and ill-ness (but illness means something else in English). We are forced, therefore, in translation to use half synonyms, no one of which is exact Dukkha is equally mental and physical. Pain is too predominantly physical, sorrow too exclusively mental, but in some connections they have to be used in default of any more exact rendering. Discomfort, suffering, ill, and trouble can occasionally be used in certain connections. Misery, distress, agony, affliction and woe are never right. They are all much too strong and are only mental (see Mrs. Rh.D. Buddhist Psychology 83-86, quoting Ledi Sadaw). I Main Points in the Use of the Word. — The recognition of the fact of Dukkha stands out as essential in early Buddhism. In the very first discourse the four so-called Truths or Facts (see saccāni) deal chiefly with dukkha. The first of the four gives certain universally recognised cases of it, and then sums them up in short. The five groups (of physical and mental qualities which make an individual) are accompanied by ill so far as those groups are fraught with āsavas and grasping. (Pañc'upādānakkhandhā pi dukkhā; cf. S III 47). The second sacca gives the cause of this dukkha (see taṇhā). The third enjoins the removal of this taṇhā. And the fourth shows the way, or method, of doing so (see Magga). These ariya-saccāni are found in two places in the older books {294} Vin I 10 = S V 421 (with addition of soka-parideva ..., etc. [see below] in some mss). Comments on this passage, or part of it, occur S III 158, 159; with explanation of each term {325} (+ soka) D I 189; III 136, 277; M I 185; A I 107; Snp page 140; Nidd II under saṅkhārā; It 17 (with dukkhassa atikkama for nirodha), 104, 105; Paṭis I 37; II 204, 147; Pp 15, 68; Vibh 328; Nett 72, 73. It is referred to as dukkha, samudaya, nirodha, magga at Vin I 16, 18, 19; D III 227; Nidd II §304 II b; as āsavānaṃ khaya-ñāṇa at D I 83; Vin III 5; as sacca No. 1 + paṭicca-samuppāda at A I 176 f. (+ soka°); in a slightly different version of No. 1 (leaving out appiyehi and piyehi, having soka° instead) at D II 305; and in the formula catunnaṃ ariyasaccānaṃ ananubodhā etc. at D II 90 = Vin I 230. II Characterisation in Detail. 1. A further specification of the 3rd of the Noble Truths is given in the Paṭicca-samuppāda (q.v.), which analyses the links and stages of the causal chain in their interdependence as building up (anabolic = samudaya) and, after their recoggnition as causes, breaking clown (katabolic = nirodha) the dukkha-synthesis, and thus constitutes the metabolism of kamma; discussed e.g. at Vin I; D II 32 f. = S II 2 f.; S II 17, 20, 65 = Nidd II §680 I c; S III 14; M I 266 f.; II 38; A I 177; mentioned e.g. at A I 147; M I 192 f., 460; It 89 (= dukkhassa antakiriyā). 2. Dukkha as one of the 3 qualifications of the saṅkhārā (q.v.), viz. anicca, d., anattā, evanescence, ill, non-soul: S I 188; II 53 (yad aniccaṃ taṃ dukkhaṃ); III 112 (the same) III 67, 180, 222; IV 28, 48, 129 f. ; 131 f. — rūpe aniccānupassī (etc. with dukkh' and anatt') S III 41. anicca-saññā, dukkha°, etc. D III 243; A III 334, Cp IV 52 f. — sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā etc. Nidd II under saṅkhārā. 3. Specification of Dukkha. The Niddesa gives a characteristic description of all that comes under the term dukkha. It employs one steretyped explanation (therefore old and founded on scholastic authority) (Nidd II §304 I), and one explanation (§304 III) peculiar to itself and only applied to Snp 36. The latter defines and illustrates dukkha exclusively as suffering and torment incurred by a person as punishment, inflicted on him either by the king or (after death) by the guardians of Hell (Niraya-pālā; see detail under Niraya, and cf. below III 2 b). — The first explanation (§304 I.) is similar in kind to the definition of d. as long afterwards given in the Sāṅkhya system (see Sāṅkhya-kārikā-bhāsya of Gauḍapāda to stanza 1) and classifies the various kinds of dukkha in the following groups: (a) all suffering caused hy the fact of being born, and being through one's kamma tied to the consequent states of rebirth; to this is loosely attached the threefold division of d. as dukkha°, saṅkhāra°, vipariṇāma° (see below III 1 c); (b) illnesses and all bodily states of suffering (cf. ādhyātmikaṃ dukkhaṃ of Sāṅkhya k.); (c) pain and (bodily) discomfort through outward circumstances, as extreme climates, want of food, gnat-bites etc. (cf. ādhibhautikaṃ and ādhidaivikaṃ d. of Sk.); (d) (Mental) distress and painful states caused by the death of one's beloved or other misfortunes to friends or personal belongings (cf. domanassa). — This list is concluded by a scholastic characterization of these various states as conditioned by kamma, implicitly due to the afflicted person not having found his "refuge," i.e. salvation from these states in the eightfold Path (see above B 1.). III General Application, and various views regarding dukkha. 1. As simple sensation (pain) and related to other terms: (a) principally a vedanā, sensation, in particular belonging to the body (kāyika), or physical pain (opposite cetasika dukkha mental ill: see domanassa). Thus defined as kāyikaṃ d. at D II 306 (cf. the distinction between śarīraṃ and mānasaṃ dukkhaṃ in Sāṅkhya philosophy) M I 302; S V 209 (in definition of dukkhindriya); A II 143 (sarīrikā vedanā dukkhā); Nett 12 (duvidhaṃ d.: kāyikaṃ = dukkhaṃ; cetasikaṃ = domanassaṃ); Vism 165 (twofold), 496 (dukkhā aññaṃ na bādhakaṃ), 499 (seven divisions), 503 (kāyika); Pj II 119 (sukhaṃ vā dukkhaṃ vā Snp 67 = kāyikaṃ sātāsātaṃ). Buddhaghosa usually paraphrases d. with vaṭṭadukkha, e.g. at Pj II 44, 212, 377, 505. (b) Thus to be understood as physical pain in combination dukkha + domanassa "pain and grief," where d. can also be taken as the genitive term and dom° as specification, e.g. in cetasikaṃ dukkhaṃ domanassaṃ paṭisaṃvedeti A I 157, 216; IV 406; S II 69; rāgajan d°ṃ dom°ṃ paṭisaṃvedeti A II 149; kāmūpasaṃhitaṃ d°ṃ dom°ṃ A III 207; d°ṃ dom°ṃ paṭisaṃvediyati S IV 343. Also as compound dukkhadomanassānaṃ atthaṅgamāya A III 326, and frequent in formula soka-parideva-d°-domanass'-upāyāsā (grief and sorrow, afflictions of pain and misery, i.e. all kinds of misery) D I 36 (arising from kāmā); M II 64; A V 216 f.; It 89 etc. (see above B I 4). Cf. also the combination dukkhī dummano "miserable and dejected" S II 282. (c) dukkha as "feeling of pain" forms one of the three dukkhatā or painful states, viz. d.-dukkhatā (painful sensation caused by bodily pain), saṅkhāra° the same having its origin in the saṅkhārā, vipariṇāma°, being caused by change S IV 259; V 56; D III 216; Nett 12. (d) Closely related in meaning is ahita "that which is not good or profitable," usually opposed to sukha and hita. It is frequent in the stereotype expression "hoti dīgha-rattaṃ ahitāya dukkhāya" for a long time it is a source of discomfort and pain A I 194 f.; M I 332 D III 157; Pp 33. Also in phrases anatthāya ahitāya dukkhāya D III 246 and akusalaṃ ... ahitāya dukkhāya saṃvattati A I 58. (e) Under vedanā as sensation are grouped the 3: sukhaṃ (or sukhā vedanā) pleasure (pleasant sensation), dukkhaṃ pain (painful sens.), adukkha-m-asukhaṃ indifference (indifferent sens.), the last of which is the ideal state of the emotional habitus to be gained by the Arahant (cf. upekhā and nibbidā). Their role is clearly indicated in the 4th jhāna: sukhassa pahānā dukkhassa pahānā pubbe va somanassa-domanassānaṃ atthaṅgamā adukkha-m-asukhaṃ upekhā parisuddhiṃ catutthaṃ jhānaṃ upasampajja viharati (see jhāna). — As contents of vedanā: sukhaṃ vediyati dukkhaṃ v. adukkha-m-asukhaṃ v. tasmā vedanā ti S III 86, 87; cf. S II 82 (vedayati). tisso vedanā: sukha, d°, adukkha-m-asukhā° D III 275; S II 53; IV 114 f., 207, 223 f., cf. M I 396; A I 173; IV 442; It 46, 47. yaṃ kiñcāyaṃ purisa-puggalo paṭisaṃvedeti sukhaṃ vā d°ṃ vā a°ṃ vā sabban taṃ pubbe katahetū ti = one's whole life-experience is caused by one's former kamma A I 173 = M II 217. — The combination (as complementary pair) of sukha + dukkha is very frequent for expressing the varying fortunes of life and personal experience as pleasure and pain, e.g. nālam aññamaññassa sukhāya vā dukkhāya vā sukhadukkhāya vā D I 56 = S III 211. Thus under the 8 "fortunes of the world" (loka dhammā) with lābha (and a°), yasa (a°), pasaṃsā (nindā), sukha (dukkha) at D III 260; Nidd II §55. Regarded as a thing to be avoided in life: puriso jīvitukāmo ... sukhakāmo dukkha-paṭikkūlo S IV 172, 188. — In similar contexts: D I 81; III 51, 109, 187; S II 22, 39; IV 123 f.; A II 158 etc. (cf. sukha). 2. As complex state (suffering) and its valuation in the light of the Doctrine: (a) any worldly sensation, pleasure and experience may be a source of discomfort (see above, I ; cf. especially kāma and bhava) Paṭis I 11 f. (specified as jāti etc.); dukkhaṃ = mahabbhayaṃ S I 37; bhārādānaṃ dukkhaṃ loke bhāra-nikkhepanaṃ sukhaṃ (pain is the great weight) S III 26; kāmānaṃ adhivacanaṃ A III 310; IV 289; cf. A III 410 f. (with kāmā, vedanā, saññā, āsavā, kamma, dukkhaṃ). (b) ekanta° (extreme pain) refers to the suffering of sinful beings in Niraya, and it is open to conjecture whether this is not the first and original meaning of dukkha; e.g. M I 74; A II 231 (vedanaṃ vediyati ekanta-d°ṃ seyyathā pi sattā nerayikā); see ekanta. In the same sense: ... upenti Roruvaṃ ghoraṃ cirarattaṃ dukkhaṃ anubhavanti S I 30; Niraya-dukkha Snp 531; pecca d°ṃ nigacchati Snp 278, 742; anubhonti d°ṃ kaṭuka-pphalāni Pv I 11 10 (= āpāyikaṃ d°ṃ Pv-a 60); Pv-a 6 7 ; mahādukkhaṃ anubhavati Pv-a 43, 68, 107 etc. atidukkhaṃ Pv-a 65; dukkhato pete mocetvā Pv-a 8. (c) to {326} suffer pain, to experience unpleasantness etc. is {295} expressed in the following terms: dukkhaṃ anubhavati (only with reference to Niraya, see b); anveti Dhp I (= kāyikaṃ cetasikaṃ vipāka-dukkhaṃ anugacchati Dhp-a I 24), upeti Snp 728; carati S I 210; nigacchati M I 337; Snp 278, 742; paṭisaṃvedeti M I 313 (see above); passati S I 132 (jāto dukkhāni passati: whoever is born experiences woe); vaḍḍheti S II 109; viharati A I 202; II 95; III 3; S IV 78 (passaddhiyā asati d°ṃ v. dukkhino cittaṃ na samādhiyati); vedayati, vediyati, vedeti etc. see above III. 1 e; sayati A I 137. (d) More specific reference to the cause of suffering and its removal by means of enlightenment: (α) Origin (see also above I and II.1): dukkhe loko patiṭṭhito S I 40; yaṃ kiñci dukkhaṃ sambhoti sabbaṃ saṅkhāra-paccayā Snp 731; ye dukkhaṃ vaḍḍhenti te na parimuccanti jātiyā etc. S II 109; d°ṃ ettha bhiyyo Snp 61, 584; yo paṭhavī-dhātuṃ abhinandati dukkhaṃ so abhin° S II 174; taṇhā d°ssa samudayo etc. Nett 23 f.; as result of sakkāyadiṭṭhi S IV 147, of chanda S I 22 of upadhi S II 109, cf. upadhīnidānā pabhavanti dukkhā Snp 728; d°ṃ eva hi sambhoti d°ṃ tiṭṭhati veti ca S I 135. (β) Salvation from Suffering (see above I): kathaṃ dukkhā pamuccati Snp 170; dukkhā pamuccati S I 14; III 41, 150; IV 205; V 451; na hi putto pati vā pi piyo d°ā pamocaye yathā saddhamma-savanaṃ dukkhā moceti pāṇinaṃ S I 210; na appatvā lokantaṃ dukkhā atthi pamocanaṃ A II 49. Kammakkhayā ... sabbaṃ d°ṃ nijjiṇṇaṃ bhavissati M II 217, cp. I 93. kāme pahāya ... d°ṃ na sevetha anatthasaṃhitaṃ S I 12 = 31; rūpaṃ (etc.) abhijānaṃ bhabbo d.—kkhayāya S III 27; IV 89; d°ṃ pariññāya sakhettavatthuṃ Tathāgato arahati pūraḷāsaṃ Snp 473. pajahati d°ṃ Snp 789, 1056. dukkhassa samudayo ca atthaṅgamo ca S II 72; III 228 f.; IV 86, 327. — dukkhass'antakaro hoti M I 48; A III 400 f.; It 18; antakarā bhavāmase Snp 32; antaṃ karissanti Satthu sāsana-kārino A II 26; d.-parikkhīṇaṃ S II 133; akiñcanaṃ nānupatanti dukkhā S I 23; saṅkhārānaṃ nirodhena n'atthi d°assa sambhavo Snp 731. — muniṃ d°assa pāraguṃ S I 195 = Nidd II §136 A; antagū'si pāragū d°assa Snp 539. — saṅgātiko maccujaho nirūpadhi pahāya d°ṃ apunabbhavāya S IV 158; ucchinnaṃ mūlaṃ d-assa, n'atthi dāni punabbhavo Vin I 231 = D II 91. -ādhivāha bringing or entailing pain S IV 70; -anubhavana suffering pain or undergoing punishment (in Niraya) Ja IV 3; -antagū one who has conquered suffering Snp 401; -ābhikiṇṇa beset with pain, full of distress It 89; -āsahanatā non-endurance of ills Vism 325; -indriya the faculty of experiencing pain, painful sensation S V 209, 211; Dhs 556, 560; Vibh 15, 54, 71; -udraya causing or yielding pain, resulting in ill, yielding distress M I 415 f.; A I 97; IV 43 (+ dukkhavipāka); V 117 (dukh°), 243; Ja IV 398; of kamma: Paṭis I 80; II 79; Pv I 11 10 (so read for dukkhandriya, which is also found at Pv-a 60); Dhp-a II 40 (°uddaya); -ūpadhāna causing pain Dhp 291; -ūpasama the allayment of pain or alleviation of suffering, only in phrase (aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo) d.-ūpasama-gāmino S III 86; It 106; Snp 724 = Dhp 191; — (m)esin wishing ill, malevolent Ja IV 26; -otiṇṇa fallen into misery S III 93; M I 460; II 10; -kāraṇa labour or trials to be undergone as punishment Dhp-a III 70 (see Dhp 138, 139 and cf. dasa 1 B 1 b); -khandha the aggregate of suffering, all that is called pain or affliction (see above B II 1) S II 134; III 93; M I 192 f.; 200 f.; etc.; - khaya the destruction of pain, the extinction of ill M I 93; II 217 (kammakkhayā d-kkhayo); S III 27; Snp 732. Frequently in phrase (nīyāti or hoti) sammā-d-kkhayāya "leads to the complete extinction of ill," with reference to the Buddha's teaching or the higher wisdom, e.g. of brahmacariyā S II 24; of paññā D III 268; A III 152 f.; of ariyā diṭṭhi D III 264 = A III 132; of sikkhā A II 243; of dhamma M I 72; -dhamma the principle of pain, a painful object, any kind of suffering (cf. °khandha) D III 88; S IV 188 (°ānaṃ samudayañ ca atthagamañ ca yathā-bhūtaṃ pajānāti); It 38 (nirodha °anaṃ); -nidāna a source of pain M II 223; Dhs 1059, 1136; -nirodha the destruction of pain, the extinction of suffering (see above B II 1) M I 191; II 10; A III 410, 416; etc.; -paṭikkūla averse to pain, avoiding unpleasantness, in combination sukhakāmo d-p. S IV 172 (spelt °kulo), 188; M I 341; -patta being in pain Ja VI 336; -pareta afflicted by pain or misery S III 93; It 89 = A I 147; -bhummi the soil of distress Dhs 985; -vāca hurtful speech Pv I 3 2 (should probably be read duṭṭha°); -vipāka (adjective) having pain as its fruit, creating misery S II 128; D III 57, 229; A II 172 (kamma); Paṭis II 79 (the same); -vepakka = °vipāka Snp 537 (kamma); -saññā the consciousness of pain Nett 27; -samudaya the rise or origin of pain or suffering (opposite °nirodha; see above B II 1) S IV 37; M I 191; II 10; III 267; Vibh 107 (taṇhā ca avasesā ca kilesā: ayaṃ vuccati d-s.); -samphassa contact with pain M I 507; Dhs 648; feminine abstract °tā Pp 33; -seyya an uncomfortable couch Dhp-a IV 8.
【中】 苦，苦楚，痛苦，悲慘，極大的痛苦，不便之處。~kkhaya,【陽】 苦盡（痛苦的消失）。~ kkhandha,【陽】 苦蘊。~nidāna,【中】 痛苦的來源。【形】 引起痛苦的。~nirodha。【陽】 苦滅。~nirodhagāminī,【陰】 導致苦滅之道。~antagū,【形】 已征服苦的人。~paṭikkūla,【形】 嫌惡苦的。~pareta,【形】 被悲慘而痛苦的。~ppatta,【形】 在痛苦中的。~ppahāṇa,【中】 斷苦（痛苦的斷除）。~vipāka,【形】 苦報 的（有痛苦的果報的），創造痛苦的。~sacca,【中】 苦諦（痛苦的真理）。~samudaya,【陽】 苦集（痛苦的起源）。~samphassa,【形】 苦觸的 （有痛苦的觸覺的）。~seyyā,【陰】 苦睡（不舒服的睡眠）。~anubhavana,【中】 受苦（在受處罰中 ）。~apagama,【陽】 除苦（痛苦的斷除）。
(adj, adj) uncomfortable; unpleasant Construction: √dukkh + a
(adj, adj) painful Construction: √dukkh + a
(nt, nt) discomfort; suffering; unease; unpleasantness; something unsatisfactory; trouble; a bummer; stress suffering, misery, agony, discomfort Construction: √dukkh + a
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