Ava° (prefix) 1. Relation between ava and o. Phonetically the difference between ava and o is this, that ava is the older form, whereas o represents a later development Historically the case is often reversed — that is, the form in o was in use first and the form in ava was built up, sometimes quite independently, long afterwards. Okaḍḍhati, okappati, okappanā, okassati, okāra, okantati, okkamati, ogacchati, odāta and others may be used as examples. The difference in many cases has given rise to a differentiation of meaning, like English ripe: rife, quash: squash; German Knabe: Knappe etc. (see below B 2). A. The old Pāli form of the prefix is o. In some cases however a Vedic form in ava has been preserved by virtue of its archaic character. In words forming the 2nd part of a compound we have ava, while the absolute form of the same word has o. See e.g. avakāsa (—°) > okāsa (°-); avacara > ocaraka; avatata; avadāta; avabhāsa; avasāna. B. 1. the proportion in the words before us (early and later) is that o alone is found in 65% of all cases, ava alone in 24%, and ava as well as o in 11%. The proportion of forms in ava increases as the books or passages become later. Restricted to the older literature (the 4 Nikāyas) are the following forms with o: okiri, okkanti, okkamati, okkhipati, ogacchati, ossajati. 2. The Pāli form (o) shows a differentiation in meaning against the later Sanskrit forms (ava°). See the following: avakappanā harnessing: okappanā confidence; avakkanti (not Sanskrit): okkanti appearance; avakkhitta thrown down: okkhitta subdued; avacara sphere of motion: ocaraka spy; avatiṇṇa descended: otiṇṇa affected with love; avaharati to move down, put off: oharati to steal. 3. In certain secondary verb-formations, arisen on Pāli grounds, the form o is used almost exclusively pointing thus to a clearly marked dialectical development of Pāli. Among these formations are deminutives in °ka usually; the gerund and the infinitive usually; the causatives throughout. II. Ava as prefix. [Pāli ava = Vedic ava and occasionally o; Avesta ava; Latin au- (aufero = avabharati, aufugio etc.); Obg. u-; Old-Irish o, ua. See further relations in Walde, Latin Wtb. under au]. — Meaning. (Rest:) lower, low (opposite ut°, see e.g. uccāvaca high and low, and below III c), explained as heṭṭhā (Dhp-a IV 54 under avaṃ) or adho (ibid. 153; Pj II 290). — (Motion:) down, downward, away (down), off; e.g. avasūra sundown; adverb avaṃ (q.v., opposite uddhaṃ). (a) literally away from, off: ava-kantati to cut off; °gaṇa away from the crowd; °chindati cut off; °jīyati fall off; °bhāsati shine out, effulge; °muñcati take off; °siṭṭha left over. — down, out, over: °kirati pour down or out over; °khitta thrown down; °gacchati go down; °gāheti dip down; °tarati descend; °patita fallen down; °sajjati emit; °siñcati pour out over; °sīdati sink down. (b) figurative down in connection with verbs of emotion (cf. Latin de- in despico to despise, literally look down on), see ava-jānāti, °bhūta, °mānita, °vajja, °hasati. — away from, i.e. the opposite of, {72} as equivalent to a negation and often taking the place of the negative prefix a° (an°), e.g. in avajaya (= ajaya), °jāta, °maṅgala (= a°), °pakkhin, °patta. Affinities of ava. (a) apa. There exists an exceedingly frequent interchange of forms with apa° and ava°, the historical relation of which has not yet been thoroughly investigated. For a comparison of the two the BHS forms are indispensable, and often afford a clue as to the nature of the word in question. See on this apa 2 and cf. the following words under ava: avakata, °karoti, °khalita, °aṅga, ottappa, avattha, °nīta, °dāna, °pivati, °rundhati, °lekhati, °vadati, °varaka, °sakkati, avassaya, avasseti, °hita, avāpurīyati, avekkhati. (b) abhi. The similarity between abhi and ava is seen from a comparison of meaning abhi II b and ava II a. The two prefixes are practically synonymous in the following words: °kaṅkhati, °kamati, °kiṇṇa, °khipati, °maddati, °rata, °lambati, °lekheti, °lepana, °siñcati. (c) The contrary of ava is ut (cf. above II 2). Among the frequent contrast-pairs showing the two, like English up and down, are the following: ukkaṃsāvakaṃsa, uggama-noggamana, uccāvaca, ullaṅgheti-olaṅgheti, ullittāvalitta; ogilituṃ-uggilituṃ, onamanunnamana. Two other combinations founded on the same principle (of intensifying contrast) are chiddāvacchidda and ava° in contrast with vi° in olambavilamba, olugga-vilugga.
ava , as neg. prefix with nouns (so also in Pali ): see ava-kāma-sevā .
3. ava (only gen. du. avo/r with vAm , ‘of you both’, corresponding to sa/ tva/m , ‘thou’, &c.), this, RV. vi, 67, 11 ; vii, 67, 4 and ( vA for vAm ), x, 132, 5
ava ind. (the initial a is sometimes dropped, as in pUrvAparO toyaniDI vagAhya Ku. 1. 1 ) 1 (As a preposition) Away, off, away from, down. 2 (As a prefix to verbs) It expresses ( a ) determination; avaDf , avaso ; ( b ) diffusion, pervasion; avakF, -kIrRa ; ( c ) disrespect; avajYA , avaman ; ( d ) littleness; vrIhInavahaMti ; ( e ) support, resting upon; avalaMb ; ( f ) purification, avadAta ; ( g ) depreciation, discomfiture; avahaMti SatrUn ( parABavati ); ( h ) commanding; avakxp ; ( i ) depression, bending down; avatF, avagAh ; ( j ) knowledge; avagam, avE . 3 As the first member of Tat. compounds it means avakruzwa ; avakokilaH = avakruzwaH kokilayA Sk.
(prefix, prefix) down; lower; off; away