indeclinable · api ca kho · api ca 1
and
Api (indeclinable) [Sanskrit api and pi; Indo-Germanic °epi °pi °opi; cf. Greek έπι on to, όπι ('όπιϧϵν behind, ὀπίσσαί back = close at one's heels); Latin ob. in certain functions; Gothic iftuma. The assimilated form before vowels is app° (= Sanskrit apy°). See further details under pi.] both preposition and conjunction, originally meaning "close by", then as preposition "towards, to, on to, on" and as adverb "later, and, moreover".1. (preposition and prefix)(a) preposition with locative: api ratte later on in the night (q.v.)(b) prefix: apidhāna putting onto; apiḷahati bind onto, apihita (= Greek ἐπιϧετός, epithet) put onto, (q.v.).2. (conjunctive and particle).(a) in affirmative sentences meaning primarily "moreover, further, and then, even":(α)(single) prothetic: api dibbesu kāmesu even in heavenly joys Dhp 187; ko disvā na pasīdeyya api kaṇhābhijātiko even an unfortunate born Snp 563 api yojanāni gacchāma, even for leagues we go Pv IV 10 7 (= anekāni yojanāni pi g. Pv-a 270. Epithetic (more frequent in the form pi): muhuttam api even a little while Dhp 106, 107; aham api daṭṭhukāmo I also wish to see Snp 685. Out of prothetic use (= even = even if) develops the conditional meaning of "if", as in api sakkuṇemu (and then we may = if we may) Ja V 24 (with = api nāma sakkuṇeyyāma; see further under β appeva nāma). — api ... api in correlation corresponds to Latin et ... et Sanskrit ca ... ca, meaning both ... and, and ... as well as, and is especially frequent in combination appekacce ... appekacce (and) some ... and others, i.e. some ... others [not with Kern Toev. sub voce to appa!], e.g. at D I 118; Thig 216; Vv-a 208, etc. °appekadā "morever once" = sometimes Vin IV 178; S I 162; IV 111; Ja I 67; Dhp-a III 303, etc.(β) (in combination with other emphatic or executive particles) api ca further, and also, moreover D I 96; Miln 25, 47. — api ca kho moreover, and yet, still, all the same It 89 (+ pana v.l.); Miln 20, 239. — api ca kho pana all the same, never mind, nevertheless Ja I 253. — api ssu so much so Vin II 76. — appeva nāma (with potential) (either) surely, indeed, yes, I reckon, (or) I présumé, it is likely that, perhaps Vin I 16 (surely); II 85 (the same); cf. pi D I 205 (sve pi upasaṅkameyyāma tomorrow I shall surely come along), 226 (siyā thus shall it be); M I 460 = It 89 (moreover, indeed); Ja I 168 (surely) Vin II 262 (perhaps) Ja V 421 (the same, piyavācaṃ labheyyāma).(b) in interrogative-dublet sentences as particle of interrogative (with indicatuve or potential) corresponding to Latin nonne, i e. awaiting an affirmative answer ("not, not then"): api Yasaṃ kulaputtaṃ passeyya do you not see ... Vin I 16; api samaṇa balivadde addasā have you not then seen ... S I 115; api kiñci labhāmase shall we then not get anything? Ja III 26; api me pitaraṃ passivetha do you then not see my father? Pv-a 38. — Also combined with other interrogative particle e.g. api nu Ja II 415.
api , indecl. , ( 1 ) if : SP 229.4 ( vs ) apy ekavāraṃ pi vadeta sūtram, if he should recite the sūtra even (pi) once ; ( 2 ) after negative expressions, but , Ger. sondern ( Skt. api tu; cf. CPD s.v. api A, 1, a, 4): Mv ii.109.16 (na adya kiṃcit parvo na utsavo,) api drumasya … dhītā … āgatā, it is no holiday or festival today, but the daughter of Druma … has arrived ; 110.12 , na me svayaṃ dṛṣṭo nāpi parato śruto, api me … aṅgulīyakā utsaṅge patitā, I have not seen him myself nor yet heard of him from another, but … his ring fell in my lap ; 248.12 na ca kiṃci śarīrapīḍā āsi, api me samudrapāraṃ gatvā āgatvā, and I have no bodily disease, but as I am going to the other side of the sea and [Page047-a] coming back— (sentence unfinished); ( 3 ) api … api, either … or ; in Skt. apparently only api vā, or vāpi, are so used; but in Pali pi … pi, see CPD s.v. api, B (1): SP 321.12 (prose) varṇenāpi na rocate gandhenāpi rasenāpi na rocate, is not pleasing by reason of either color or smell or taste ; [( 4 ) in api nāma tvaṃ … adinnam … ādiyasi Mv i.346.13 , api nāma apparently means surely! most certainly! in a strong asseveration. But exactly the same expression is repeated twice below, 346.20 and 347.8 , with asti (nāma) instead of api, and this is the true reading; see s.v. 1 asti (1);] ( 5 ) apy eva nāma (= api nāma, perhaps , in Skt. BR s.v. api 13; in Pali , both api nāma and app' eva nāma, perhaps , CPD s.v. api, A, 1, c), ( a ) perhaps SP 228.1 ; 459.8 ; Śikṣ 58.16 ; Bbh 15.7 ; ( b ) if only , in strong wish (so Skt. api nāma, e.g. Śākuntala, Pischel², HOS 16, 1.20.30 ), Mv iii.272.8 apy eva nāma āryaputraḥ agāram adhyāvaseyā, if only my dear lord would take up domestic life! This mg. is recognized for api alone, BR s.v. 11. See apy-ekatya .
even, also; even though, although; prothetic (at the beginning of a sentence or clause); enclitic; but, and (at the beginning of a clause); as interrogative particle (usually at the beginning of a sentence or clause); as emphasis to optative: perhaps, maybe; please may…; if only; I wish that…; indeed, surely; yes (at the beginning of a sentence)
【無】 與，即使，然後。~ca, 但是，此外。~ca kho, 可是，但 是。~nu, 疑問式語氣。~nāma, 如果 (我們) 可能。~ssu, 甚至於。
api ind. (Sometimes with the a dropped according to the opinion of Bhāguri; vazwi BAgurirallopamavApyorupasargayoH ; piDA, piDAna &c.) 1 (Used with roots and nouns in the sense of) Placing near or over, taking towards, uniting with; reaching or going up to, proximity, nearness &c. [Cf. Gr. epi , Zend api , Germ. and Eng. be ]. (Note. api , as a prefix to roots, occurs mostly in Veda, its place being taken by aBi in classical literature). 2 (As a separable adverb or conjunction) And, also, too, moreover, besides, in addition, having a cumulative force ( samuccaya ); asti me sodarasnehopyetezu ; Ś. 1 on one's part, in one's turn; vizRuSarmaRApi rAjaputrAH pAwitAH Pt. 1 ; rAjApi munivAkyamaMgIkftyAtizWat Dk. 2 ; api -api or api ca as well as, and also; api stuhi, api siMca P. I. 4. 96 Sk. , na nApi-na cEva, na vApi, nApi vA na cApi neither-nor; na vApi kAvyaM navamityavadyaM M. 1. 2 nor; vApi or; alpopyevaM mahAn vApi Ms. 3. 53 whether small or great. 3 It is often used to express emphasis in the sense of ‘too’, ‘even’ ‘very’; viDurapi viDiyogAd grasyate rAhaRAsO H. 1 the very moon; yUyamapyanena karmaRA pariSrAMtAH Ś. 1 even you, you also; anyadapi also another; adyApi even, yet, still, even now; idAnImapi even now; muhUrtamapi even for a moment, for one moment at least; nAdyApi not yet; yadyapi though, although, even if; taTApi still, nevertheless, notwithstanding, yet; sometimes yadyapi is understood, taTApi only being used; as in Ki. 1. 28. 4 Though ( oft. translateable by ‘even’, ‘even if’); sarasijamanuvidDaM SEvalenApi ramyaM Ś. 1. 20 though overspread &c.; iyamaDikamanojYA valkalenApi tanvI ibid. though in her bark dress; balavadapi SikzitAnAm 1. 2 though ever so learned. In this sense api is most frequently used by writers to show real or imaginary opposition ( viroDa ); kfzRamapi asudarSanaM, puzpavatyapi pavitrA &c. 5 But, however. 6 Used at the beginning of sentences api introduces a question; api sannihito'tra kulapatiH Ś. 1 ; api kriyArTaM sulaBaM samitkuSaM… api svaSaktyA tapasi pravartase Ku. 5. 33 , 34 , 35 ; apyagraRIrmaMtrakftAmfzIRAM kuSAgrabudDe kuSalI guruste R. 5. 4. 7 Hope, ( pb ) expectation (usually with the potential mood); kftaM rAmasadfSaM karma . api jIvetsa brAhmaRaSeSuH U. 2. I hope the Brāhmaṇa boy comes to life. Note-In this sense api is frequently used with nAma and has the sense of ( a ) ‘is it likely’, ‘may it be’; ( b ) ‘perhaps’, ‘in all probability’ or ( c ) ‘would that’, ‘I wish or hope’ that’; api nAma kulapatoriyamasavarRakzetrasaMBavA syAt Ś. 1 ; Ś. 7 ; tadapi nAma manAgavatIrRosi ratiramaRabARagocaraM Māl. 1 perhaps, in all probability; api nAma tayoH kalyARinoH aBimataH pARigrahaH syAt ibid. ; api nAma rAmaBadraH punarapIdaM vanamalaMkuryAt U. 2 ; ‘is it likely’, ‘I wish’; yaTA vanajyotsnAnurUpeRa pAdapena saMgatA api nAma evamahamapyAtmano'nurUpaM varaM laBeyeti Ś. 1 would that; api nAmAhaM purUravA BaveyaM V. 2 I wish I were P. 8 Affixed to interrogative words api makes the sense indefinite, ‘any’, ‘some’; kopi some one; kimapi something; kutrApi somewhere; kadApi at any time; kaTamapi any how &c. ke'pi ete pravayasaH tvAM didfkzavaH U. 4 some people. It may often be translated by ‘unknown’, ‘indescribable,’ ‘inexpressible’ ( anirvAcya ); vyatizajati padArTAnAMtaraH kopi hetuH U. 6. 12 ; tattasya kimapi dravyaM yo hi yasya priyo janaH 2. 19 ; Mu. 3. 22 ; K. 143 ; kopi mahimA syAt U. 6 , 6. 11 , 7. 12 ; Māl. 1. 26 ; R. 1. 46. 9 After words expressing number api has the sense of ‘totality’, ‘all’; caturRAmapi varRAnAM of all the 4 castes; sarvErapi rAjYAM prayojanaM Pt. 1. 10 It sometimes expresses ‘doubt’ or ‘uncertainty,’ ‘fear’ ( SaMkA ); api coro Bavet G. M. there is perhaps a thief. 11 (with pot. mood) It has the sense of saMBAvanA ‘possibility’, ‘supposition’; P. I. 4. 96 ; III. 3. 154 ; api stuyAdvizRuM, api stuyAdrAjAnaM, api giriM SirasA BiMdyAt Sk. ; soyamapi siMcetsahasraM drAkzARAM kzaRenEkena Dk. 127. 12 Contempt, censure, or reproof; P. I. 4. 96 , III. 3. 142 ; Digdevadattamapi stuyAdvfzalaM; DigjAlmaM devadattamapi siMcet palAMquM; api jAyAM tyajasi jAtu gaRikAmADatse garhitametat Sk. shame to, &c. or fie upon, Devadatta &c. 13 It is also used with the Imperative mood to mark ‘indifference on the part of the speaker’, where he permits another to do as he likes, ( anvavasarga or kAmacArAnujYA , the imperative being softened;) api stuhi Sk. you ( pb ) may praise (if you like); api stuhyapi seDAsmAMstaTyamuktaM narASana Bk. 8. 92. 14 api is sometimes used as a particle of exclamation, 15 Rarely in the sense of ‘therefore,’ ‘hence’ ( ata eva ). 16 Used as a separable preposition with gen. it is said to express the sense of a word understood ( padArTa ), and is treated as a karmapravacanIya P. I. 4. 96 ; the example usually given is sarpizopi syAt where some word like biMdurapi ‘a drop,’ ‘a little’ &c. has to be understood, ‘there may perhaps be a drop of ghee,’ ‘I presume there may be at least a drop’ &c. api saMBAvanA...
(idiom, idiom, ind + ind + ind) and yet, still
(idiom, idiom, ind + ind) and yet; but; nevertheless; rather but, further
(idiom, idiom, ind + ind) moreover; and even; and furthermore; and what is more but, further
…该来源共 18 条释义