neuter · ñāṇa 2 · ñāṇa 1
wisdom
Ñāṇa (neuter) [from jānāti. See also jānana. °gene, as in Greek γνῶ-σις (cf. gnostic), γνώμη; Latin (co)gnitio; Gothic kunpi; Ogh. kunst; English knowledge] knowledge, intelligence, insight, conviction, recognition, opposite añāṇa and avijjā, lack of k., or ignorance. 1. Ñāṇa in the theory of cognition: it occurs in intensive couple-compounds with terms of sight as cakkhu (eye) and dassana (sight, view), e.g. in cakkhu-karaṇa ñāṇa-karaṇa "opening our eyes and thus producing knowledge" i.e. giving us the eye of knowledge (a mental eye) (see cakkhu, jānāti passati, and compound °karaṇa): Bhagavā jānaṃ jānāti passaṃ passati cakkhu-bhūto ñāṇa-bhūto (= he is one perfected in knowledge) M I 111 = Nidd II §235 3 h; n'atthi hetu n'atthi paccayo ñāṇāya dassanāya ahetu apaccayo ñāṇaṃ dassanaṃ hoti "through seeing and knowing," i.e. on grounds of definite knowledge arises the sure conviction that where there is no cause there is no consequence S V 126. Cf. also the relation of diṭṭhi to ñāṇa. This implies that all things visible are knowable as well as that all our knowledge is based on empirical grounds; yāvatakaṃ ñeyyaṃ tāvatakaṃ ñāṇaṃ Nidd II §235 3 m; yaṃ ñāṇaṃ taṃ dassanaṃ, yaṃ dassanaṃ taṃ ñāṇaṃ Vin III 91; ñāṇa + dassana (i.e. full vision) as one of the characteristics of Arahantship: see Arahant II D. Cf. BHS jñānadarśana, e.g. Avś I 210. 2. Scope and character of ñāṇa: ñ. as faculty of understanding is included in paññā (cf. wisdom = perfected knowledge). The latter signifies the spiritual wisdom which embraces the fundamental truths of morality and conviction (such as aniccaṃ anattā dukkhaṃ: Miln 42); whereas ñ. is relative to common experience (see Nidd II §235 3 under cakkhumā, and on relation of p. and ñ. Paṭis I 59 f.; 118 f.; II 189 f. ). — Perception (saññā) is necessary to the forming of ñāṇa, it precedes it (D I 185); as sure knowledge ñ. is preferable to saddhā (S IV 298); at Vin III 91 the definition of ñ. is given with tisso vijjā (3 kinds of knowledge); they are specified at Nidd II §266 as aṭṭhasamāpatti-ñāṇa (consisting in the 8 attainments, viz. jhāna and its 4 succeeding developments), pañc'abhiññā° (the 5 higher knowledges, see paññā and abhi°), micchā° (false k. or heresy). Three degrees of k. are distinguished at Sv I 100, viz. sāvaka-pāramī-ñāṇa, paccekabuddha°, sabbaññuta° (highest k. of a religious student, k. of a wise man, and omniscience). Four objects of k. (as objects of truth or sammā-diṭṭhi) are enumerated as dhamme ñāṇaṃ, anvaye ñ., paricchede ñ., sammuti ñ. at D III 226, 277; other four as dukkhe ñ. (dukkha°) samudaye ñ., nirodhe ñ., magge ñ. (i.e. the knowledge of the ariya-sacca) at D III 227; Paṭis I 118; Vibh 235 (= sammā-diṭṭhi). Right knowledge (or truth) is contrasted with false k. (micchā-ñāṇa = micchā-diṭṭhi): S V 384; M II 29; A II 222; V 327; Vibh 392. 3. Ñāṇa in application: (a) Vin I 35; D II 155 (opposite pasāda); S I 129 (cittamhi susamāhite ñāṇamhi vuttamānamhi); II 60 (jāti-paccayā jarāmaraṇan ti ñ. see ñ.-vatthu); A I 219 (on precedence of either samādhi or ñ.); Snp 378, 789, 987 (muddhani ñāṇaṃ tassa na vijjati), 1078 (diṭṭhi, suti, ñ.: doctrine, revelation, personal knowledge, i.e. intelligence; differently explained at Nidd II §266), 1113; Pv III 5 1 (Sugatassa ñ. is asādhāraṇaṃ) Paṭis I 194 f.; II 244; Vibh 306 f. (ñ-vibhaṅga), 328 f. (kammassakataṃ ñ.); Nett 15 f.; 161 (+ ñeyya), 191 (the same). (b) ñāṇaṃ hoti or uppajjati knowledge comes to (him) i.e. to reason, to arrive at a conclusion (with iti = that ...) S II 124 = III 28 (uppajjati); D III 278 (the same); A II 211; IV 75; V 195; S III 154. See also Arahant II D. (c) Various attributes of ñ.: anuttariya A V 37; aparapaccayā (k. of the non-effect of causation through lack of cause) S II 17, 78; III 135; V 179, 422 f. (= sammā-diṭṭhi), same as ahetu-ñāṇa S V 126; asādhāraṇa (incomparable, uncommon k.) A III 441; Pv-a 197; akuppa D III 273; ariya A III 451; {288} pariyodāta S I 198; bhiyyosomatta S III 112; yathā bhūtaṃ (proper, definite, right k.) (concerning kāya, etc.) S V 144; A III 420; V 37. (d) knowledge of, about or concerning, consisting in or belonging to, is expressed either by locative or —° (equal to subjective or objective genitive). (α) with locative: anuppāde ñ. D III 214, 274; anvaye D III 226, 277; kāye D III 274; khaye D III 214, 220 (āsavānaṃ; cf. M I 23, 183, 348; II 38), 275; S II 30; Nett 15; cutūpapāte D III 111, 220; dukkhe (etc.) D III 227; S II 4; V 8, 430; dhamme D III 226; S II 58; Nibbāne S II 124 (cf. IV 86). (β) as —°: anāvaraṇa° Sv I 100; ariya S I 228; A III 451; khanti Paṭis I 106; jātissara Ja I 167; cutūpapāta M I 22, 183, 347; II 38, etc.; ceto-pariya D III 100, and °pariyāya S V 160; dibba-cakkhu Paṭis I 114; dhammaṭṭhiti S II 60, 124; Paṭis I 50; nibbidā Paṭis I 195; pubbe-nivāsānusati M I 22, 248, 347; II 38; Buddha° Nidd II §235 3 q; Paṭis I 133; II 31, 195; Sv I 100; sabbaññuta Paṭis I 131 f.; Sv I 99 f.; Pv-a 197; sekha S II 43, 58, 80, and asekha S III 83. (e) aññāṇa wrong k., false view, ignorance, untruth S I 181; II 92; III 258 f.; V 126; A II 11; Snp 347, 839; Paṭis I 80; Pp 21; Dhs 390, 1061; see avijjā and micchā-diṭṭhi. -indriya the faculty of cognition or understanding Dhs 157; -ūpapanna endowed with k. Sn 1077 (= Nidd II §266 b °upeta); -karaṇa (adjective) giving (right) understanding, enlightening, in combination with cakkhu-karaṇa (giving (in)-sight, cf. "your eyes shall be opened and ye shall be knowing good and evil" Genesis 35): kusala-vitakkā anandha-karaṇā cakkhu° ñāṇa° It 82; feminine °ī (of majjhimā-paṭipadā) S IV 331; -cakkhu the eye of k. Pv-a 166; -jāla the net of k., in phrase ñāṇa-jālassa anto paviṭṭha coming within the net, i.e. into the range of one's intelligence or mental eye (clear sight) Dhp-a I 26; II 37, 58, 96; III 171, 193; IV 61; Vv-a 63; -dassana "knowing and seeing," "clear sight," i.e. perfect knowledge; having a vision of truth, i.e. recognition of truth, philosophy, (right) theory of life, all-comprising knowledge. Defined as tisso vijjā (see above 2) at Vin IV 26; fully discussed at Sv I 220, cf. also definition at Paṭis II 244. — Vin II 178. (parisuddha°; + ājīva, dhammadesanā, veyyā-karaṇa); III 90 f.; V 164, 197; D I 76 (following after the jhānas as the first step of paññā, see paññā-sampadā); III 134, 222 (°paṭilābha), 288 (°visuddhi); M I 195 f.; 202 f., 482; II 9, 31; Nett 17, 18, 28; see also vimutti°; -dassin one who possesses perfect k. Sn 478; -patha the path of k. Sn 868; -phusanā experience, gaining of k. Dhp-a I 230; -bandhu an associate or friend of k. Sn 911; -bhūta in combined with cakkhubhūta, having become seeing and knowing, i.e. being wise S II 255; IV 94; A V 226 f. ; -vatthūni (plural) the objects or items of (right) knowledge which means k. of the paṭicca-samuppāda or causal connection of phenomena. As 44 (i.e. 4 × 11, all constituents except avijjā, in analogy to the 4 parts of the ariya-saccāni) S II 56 f., as 77 (7 × 11) S II 59 f.; discussed in extenso at Vibh 306-344 (called ñāṇavatthu); -vāda talk about (the attainment of supreme) knowledge D III 13 f.; A V 42 f. ; -vippayutta disconnected with k. Dhs 147, 157, 270; -vimokkha emanci- {263} pation through k. Paṭis II 36, 42; -visesa distinction of k., superior k. Pv-a 196; -sampayutta associated with k. Dhs 1, 147, 157; Vibh 169 f., 184, 285 f., 414 f.
knowledge, understanding
【中】 智，智慧，洞察力。~karaṇa,【形】 造智的（使人領悟的）。~cakkhu,【中】 智眼（智慧的眼睛）。~jāla,【中】 智網（知識的網）。~dassana,【中】 智見（完美的知識）。~vippayutta,【形】 智不相應 的（不與知識關聯的）。~sampayutta,【形】 智相應的（與知識關聯的）。
(nt, nt, act, from jānāti) knowing (of); understanding (of); insight (into) wisdom, insight Construction: √ñā + aṇa
(adj, adj, from jānāti) having knowledge; with understanding; having insight Construction: √ñā + aṇa